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Timing and security in IoT systems: Characterization and edge-centric approaches
Mälardalen University, Faculty of Engineering and Health Sciences, Department of Computer Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0009-0128-3827
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to increasingly complex and data-intensive systems, often with conflicting or interdependent application requirements. Many IoT applications have strict timing requirements, particularly for safety-critical services, e.g., in the industrial domain. However, due to the vastness of the IoT ecosystem, decisions about where, how, and what timing attributes to measure are often ad hoc and context-specific, fragmenting the community’s understanding of what “timing” entails. Moreover, security and privacy requirements are often overlooked within IoT. Common approaches to uphold confidentiality, integrity, and availability are often not suitable for resource-constrained IoT devices, as they may introduce unacceptable overhead. Consequently, designing a secure and time-critical IoT system is a challenging task. 

These challenges motivate the goal of this licentiate thesis, which is to support timing and security in IoT systems through edge-centric approaches. To achieve this, the research follows an Action Design Research-inspired process and combines systematic literature reviews, surveys, and experimental evaluations using real IoT devices. The findings include a consolidated view of timing definitions, a cross-domain synthesis of explicitly reported timing-related requirements, and a unified categorization of timing metrics in the literature. In addition, comparative experiments of edge-centric data-reduction techniques highlight accuracy and reduction trade-offs for different applications, while a study of lightweight security mechanisms demonstrates how protocol choices and configuration influence timing behavior. Overall, this thesis contributes foundational knowledge for reasoning about timing and security in IoT systems by establishing key definitions, requirements, and metrics, and by evaluating selected technical mechanisms to meet these requirements.

Abstract [sv]

Den snabba tillväxten av Internet of Things (IoT) har lett till alltmer komplexa och dataintensiva system, ofta med motstridiga eller ömsesidigt beroende applikationskrav. Många IoT-applikationer har strikta tidskrav, särskilt för säkerhetskritiska tjänster, till exempel inom industrin. På grund av IoT-ekosystemets omfattning är dock beslut om var, hur och vilka tidsattribut som ska mätas ofta ad hoc och beroende av specifika tillämpningar eller kontexter, vilket fragmenterar forskningsområdets förståelse av vad ”tid” innebär. Vidare förbises ofta krav på säkerhet och integritet inom IoT. Vanliga metoder för att upprätthålla sekretess, integritet och tillgänglighet är ofta inte lämpliga för resursbegränsade IoT-enheter, eftersom de kan medföra oacceptabel resurskostnad. Följaktligen är det en utmanande uppgift att designa ett säkert och tidskritiskt IoT-system.

Dessa utmaningar motiverar målet med denna licentiatavhandling, vilket är att stödja tidsaspekter och säkerhet i IoT-system genom edge-centrerade tillvägagångssätt. För att uppnå detta följer forskningen en process inspirerad av Action Design Research och kombinerar systematiska litteraturstudier, enkäter och experimentella studier med verkliga IoT-enheter. Resultaten inkluderar en samlad bild av tidsdefinitioner, en tvärdomänsyntes av explicit rapporterade tidsrelaterade krav samt en enhetlig kategorisering av tidsmått i litteraturen. Dessutom belyser experimentella jämförelser av edge-centrerade datareduktionstekniker avvägningar mellan noggrannhet och reduktion för olika tillämpningar, medan en studie av resurseffektiva säkerhetsmekanismer visar hur val av protokoll och konfiguration påverkar tidsaspekter. Sammanfattningsvis bidrar denna avhandling med grundläggande kunskap för att resonera om tid och säkerhet i IoT-system genom att etablera centrala definitioner, krav och mått samt genom att utvärdera utvalda tekniska mekanismer för att uppfylla dessa krav.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Västerås: Mälardalens universitet, 2026.
Series
Mälardalen University Press Licentiate Theses, ISSN 1651-9256 ; 385
Keywords [en]
Internet of Things (IoT), Timing requirements, Timing metrics, IoT security, Edge computing
National Category
Communication Systems Computer Systems Embedded Systems
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-76866ISBN: 978-91-7485-759-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mdh-76866DiVA, id: diva2:2060678
Presentation
2026-09-14, Zeta och digitalt, Mälardalens universitet, Västerås, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-18 Created: 2026-05-18 Last updated: 2026-05-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Characterizing time-critical internet of things
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterizing time-critical internet of things
2025 (English)In: Internet of Things: Engineering Cyber Physical Human Systems, E-ISSN 2542-6605, Vol. 34, article id 101721Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly being adopted in diverse domains, many of which require strict timing constraints and predictable behavior. Despite the growing importance of timing characteristics in IoT applications, current approaches to address timing requirements are often fragmented, context-specific, and lack a unified understanding. Consequently, addressing timing aspects in IoT remains largely ad hoc and dependent on individual applications, making it challenging to generalize findings or systematically apply established solutions. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how timing is defined, characterized, and measured within the IoT community. We conducted this study through a systematic and structured mix methods research approach. First, we performed a systematic review of the literature, extracting and analyzing information from 38 primary studies, selected from a rigorous process involving 1176 studies. Second, to complement the literature findings, we conducted an expert survey involving 28 respondents from academia and industry, representing a variety of roles with specialized expertise in IoT systems and timing-related issues. We identified two primary characterizations of timing within the IoT: time-criticality and predictability. Additionally, we collected and categorized 113 distinct timing metrics from literature into commonly found layers of an IoT system. The majority of the surveyed practitioners and researchers (75%) agree with our categorization and consider this research useful and relevant (71.5%). We believe that our study provides practitioners and researchers with insights into timing characteristics and metrics in IoT applications, towards the ultimate goal of standardization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2025
Keywords
Expert Survey, Internet Of Things, Predictability, Systematic Literature Review, Time-critical Systems, Timing Characteristics, Timing Metrics
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-73171 (URN)10.1016/j.iot.2025.101721 (DOI)001562857400001 ()2-s2.0-105014174690 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-09-03 Created: 2025-09-03 Last updated: 2026-05-18Bibliographically approved
2. Systematic Consolidation of IoT Communication Requirements Across Domains
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Systematic Consolidation of IoT Communication Requirements Across Domains
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Communication Systems Computer Systems Embedded Systems
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-76847 (URN)
Available from: 2026-05-13 Created: 2026-05-13 Last updated: 2026-06-04Bibliographically approved
3. Reducing IoT Data at the Edge: A Comparative Evaluation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reducing IoT Data at the Edge: A Comparative Evaluation
2026 (English)In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2026Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In resource-constrained Internet of Things environments, reducing data transmissions is essential for minimizing energy consumption, network load, and operational costs. Overly aggressive reduction may compromise accuracy, a critical factor in applications such as industrial control. This paper aims to offer practical guidance for selecting suitable data reduction techniques by experimentally evaluating three promising methods from common reduction categories: Data Filtering, Data Aggregation, and Data Prediction. We perform a parameter sweep for each algorithm across three real-world temperature scenarios: stable, rising, and fluctuating. Each configuration is evaluated in terms of data reduction percentage and accuracy, using Total Accumulated Deviation, Mean Absolute Deviation, and Maximum Deviation. Results show that Data Prediction generally achieves the highest accuracy across all scenarios, while Data Filtering tends to yield the greatest reduction at the expense of accuracy. However, all algorithms can be tuned to meet specific scenario demands or accuracy criteria, underscoring that no one-size-fits-all solution exists. We conclude that context-aware algorithm selection and parameter tuning are critical for effective Internet of Things data management.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026
Keywords
Internet of Things, Data Reduction, Edge, Fog, Big Data
National Category
Embedded Systems Communication Systems Computer Systems
Research subject
Computer Science; Industrial Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-75580 (URN)10.1109/ICIT64854.2026.11491260 (DOI)2-s2.0-105038386741 (Scopus ID)9798331598754 (ISBN)
Conference
2026 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, ICIT 2026
Available from: 2026-01-26 Created: 2026-01-26 Last updated: 2026-05-21Bibliographically approved
4. On the Latency of Secure MQTT over QUIC vs. TCP: An experimental evaluation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Latency of Secure MQTT over QUIC vs. TCP: An experimental evaluation
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Communication Systems Computer Systems Embedded Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-76848 (URN)
Available from: 2026-05-13 Created: 2026-05-13 Last updated: 2026-06-04Bibliographically approved

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