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Vilseledande vid examination är ett återkommande problem vid landets lärosäten. Det kan handla om plagiering, otillåtet samarbete, användande av otillåtna hjälpmedel, förfalskning av dokument, störande vid examination eller kränkningar. Disciplinnämnder reder ut om fusket är avsiktligt eller inte. Men hur lär sig studenterna om vetenskaplig redlighet? Var går gränsen mellan tillåtet och otillåtet?

Denna bok syftar till att ge såväl studenter som undervisande lärare och handledare en förståelse för vetenskaplig redlighet när det gäller skrivande av uppsatser och rapporter på grundnivå och avancerad nivå.

Författarna presenterar konkreta exempel på vilseledande vid examination, vilket ger ett nyanserat perspektiv och en ökad beredskap för att kunna arbeta proaktivt mot fusk. Studenterna behöver utveckla en ”studentetik” som likt forskaretiken innebär en medveten reflektion över de konsekvenser forskningen kan få för inblandade personer, lärosätet och samhället i stort.

Den här artikeln presenterar en undersökning av hur fyra kommunala VA-bolag i Mälardalsregionen arbetar med klimatanpassning av sina VA-anläggningar. Den övergripande frågan är vilka drivkrafter och utmaningar som aktörerna identifierar med fokus på möjligheter och hinder för klimatanpassningen. Resultaten visar att kommunerna och VA-bolagen tar klimatfaran på allvar men vi konstaterar att man inte hunnit särskilt långt. Planer och medvetenhet finns, men arbetet med klimatsäkringen har bara börjat. Åtgärderna sker i samband med planering av nybebyggelse i redan existerande områden inklusive befintlig VA-infrastruktur. Planerade områden kan skyfallssäkras, exempelvis genom att införa klimatfaktorer vid dimensionering av ledningssystem eller genom att bygga anläggningar för lokalt omhändertagande av dagvatten. I befintlig bebyggelse identifieras områden som riskerar att drabbas av översvämningar vid skyfall eller långvarig nederbörd och i avrinningsområdena kan anläggningar för omhändertagande av ovidkommande vatten byggas. Renovering av ledningar och brunnar samt installation av backventiler är enkla åtgärder som nämns. En annan åtgärd är att försöka skapa samarbete med andra berörda aktörer, exempelvis mellan den kommunala VA-bolaget, förvaltningarna och privata fastighetsägare. Oavsett goda ambitioner ser vi siloeffekter i organisationerna, svårigheter att få resurser och brist på ”adaptiv kapacitet” för långsiktigt klimatarbete.

This article presents a study of how four municipal utilities in the Mälardalen region are working on climate adaptation of water and sewage facilities. The overarching question is what driving forces and challenges they identify, focusing on opportunities and barriers for climate adaptation. The results show that the organisations take the climate threat seriously and are working on climate adaptation. It is worth noting that they have not made significant progress. Plans and awareness are present, but the work on climate security has only just begun. Actions take place when planning for new constructions in existing areas, including water and sewage infrastructure. Planned areas can be protected against heavy rainfall by introducing climate factors when dimensioning drainage systems or by constructing facilities for local stormwater management. Areas at risk of flooding can be identified, and facilities for managing excessive water can be built. Maintenance of pipes and wells, and installation of non-return valves, are mentioned. Another measure is to establish cooperation with other stakeholders, such as increased collaboration between different municipal administrations or between municipal water and sewage organisations and private property owners. Despite good intentions, we see silo effects in the organisations, difficulties in securing resources and a lack of “adaptive capacity” for long-term climate work.

I den här rapporten presenteras en deskriptiv och kartläggande undersökning som kan betraktas som en förstudie till ett framtida mera djuplodande projekt.

Syftet är att genom litteraturstudier, kommunernas policydokument och intervjuer undersöka hur några kommuner i Mellansverige arbetar med klimatanpassningsåtgärder för sina VA-anläggningar. Den övergripande frågan gäller vilka drivkrafter och utmaningar som aktörerna har identifierat. Vi fokuserar på möjligheter och hinder för klimatanpassning av avloppssystemet inkluderande ledningar, pumpstationer och avloppsreningsverk i fyra kommuner i Mälardalsregionen.

Med hjälp av litteraturen och kommunernas policydokument (som till exempel vattentjänstplaner) beskriver vi det politiska, lagstiftningsmässiga och klimatrelaterade sammanhang som VA-organisationerna måste ta hänsyn till i arbetet med att klimatsäkra sina avloppssystem.

Resultaten visar att såväl kommunerna, i sin övergripande planering, och VA-organisationerna tar klimatfaran på allvar och arbetar med åtgärder för klimatanpassning av VA-sektorn, inklusive byggnader, och annan infrastruktur samt avloppsystemen. Generellt kan man säga att man inte hunnit särskilt långt med att implementera klimatåtgärderna. Planer och medvetenhet finns, men än så länge är man bara i början av det konkreta arbetet att klimatsäkra.

Åtgärderna består av flera olika aktiviteter som dels sker i samband med planering av nybebyggelse, dels i redan existerande områden inklusive den befintliga VA-infrastruktur som där finns. I områden som planeras att bebyggas kan dessa skyfallssäkras, till exempel genom att införa en klimatfaktor vid dimensionering av ledningssystem eller genom att ombesörja att det finns möjlighet att bygga någon form av anläggning för lokalt omhändertagande av dagvatten, så kallad LOD. I befintliga områden försöker man att identifiera områden som riskerar att drabbas av översvämningar vid skyfall eller långvarig nederbörd, i avrinningsområdena kan anläggningar för omhändertagande av ovidkommande vatten eventuellt byggas. Renovering av ledningar och brunnar samt installation av backventiler för att förhindra att avloppsvatten pressas bakåt i systemet vid skyfall eller långvarig nederbörd är relativt enkla åtgärder som nämns av de VA-organisationerna. En annan viktig åtgärd som nämns är att försöka skapa samarbete med andra berörda aktörer, det kan handla om ökat samarbete mellan olika förvaltningar i en kommun, samarbete mellan den kommunala VA-organisationen och förvaltningarna eller andra aktörer, exempelvis privata fastighetsägare.

I det avslutande kapitlet presenterar vi några övergripande slutsatser – främst vad gäller behovet av samarbete mellan olika organisationer inom sektorn – och pekar ut ett intressant område för framtida forskning.

Oredlighet i forskning är ett växande problem världen över. I Sverige har vi på senare år sett flertalet fall där forskare har agerat oredligt. Samtidigt som restriktionerna för redlighet har skärpts har ett ökat behov av kunskap om god forskningssed uppstått.

Boken handlar därför både om etiska överväganden vid insamling, bearbetning och rapportering av data och om etiska aspekter som uppkommer inom forskningsprojekt.

Författarna presenterar många exempel som ger ett nyanserat perspektiv och en ökad beredskap för att hantera etiska dilemman som kan uppstå före, under och efter forskningsprojektet. Bokens fokusering på hantverket erbjuder kunskap och förståelse för forskningsetikens betydelse och aktuella frågeställningar oavsett forskningsfält.

Background: In Sweden there are nearly one million soil-based on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs). OWTSs may contribute to eutrophication of surface waters, due to the discharge of phosphorus (P). Hence, in certain cases, a high P removal rate (up to 90%) of OWTSs is required by Swedish authorities. Since these requirements may have costly consequences to property owners, it is debated whether they are too strict. In this debate, it is often claimed that the soil retention of P occurring in the natural environments may be underestimated by authorities. Soil retention is the inhibition of the transport of P through the ground, due to different chemical, physical and biological processes occurring there. These processes make the P transport slower, which may reduce the unwanted impact on receiving water bodies. However, the efficiency of soil retention of P remains unclear. The objective of this systematic map was to collect, code, organise and elucidate the relevant evidence related to the topic, to be able to guide stakeholders through the evidence base, and to support future research synthesising, commissioning, and funding. The systematic map was carried out in response to needs declared by the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management but the conclusions should be valid for a wider range of countries across boreo-temperate regions.

Methods: Searches were made for peer-reviewed and grey literature using bibliographic databases, search engines, specialist websites, and stakeholder contacts. The references were screened for relevance according to a predefined set of eligibility criteria. A detailed database of the relevant studies was compiled. Data and metadata that enable evaluation and discussion of the character and quality of the evidence base were extracted and coded. Special focus was placed on assessing if existing evidence could contribute to policy and practice decision making. Descriptive information about the evidence base was presented in tables and figures. An interactive evidence atlas and a choropleth were created, displaying the locations of all studies.

Review findings: 234 articles out of 10,797 screened records fulfilled the eligibility criteria. These articles contain 256 studies, performed in the field or in the laboratory. Six different study types were identified, based on where the measurements were conducted. Most studies, including laboratory studies, lack replicates. Most field studies are observational case studies.

Conclusions: It is not possible to derive valid generic measures of the efficiency of soil retention of P occurring in the natural soil environment from available research. Neither does the evidence base allow for answering the question of the magnitude of the potential impact of OWTSs on the P concentration in recipients on a general basis, or under what conditions OWTSs generally have such an impact. A compilation of groundwater studies may provide examples of how far the P may reach in x years, but the number of groundwater studies is insufficient to draw any general conclusions, given the complexity and variability of the systems. Future research should strive for replicated study designs, more elaborate reporting, and the establishment of a reporting standard.

Storm water treatment and management will be more important in the future due to climate changes, e.g., more frequent, and intense rain events that might cause flooding. To meet these challenges, low impact development (LID) technologies such as paved surfaces, green roofs and various bioretention systems have been suggested in urban areas. Various filter media, natural and engineered materials, have been used to amend the LID solutions in field experiments enhancing the removal of different contaminants present in storm water of different kinds. Researchers suggest locally available low-cost media having high capacity to remove pollutants. Other parameters to take into consideration when selecting filter media are clogging, hydraulic parameters. Climatic conditions in different regions, e.g., temperate, or cold climatic zones, do not seem to have a large impact on performance on LID solutions.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal, occurring in municipal wastewater and stormwater as well as in wastewater from various industries. Char derived from the pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge has the potential to be a low-cost sorption media for the removal of Cd. However, the balance between possible local char production and demand has not been assessed previously. In this study, the Cd sorption capacities of chars derived from primary (PSC) and secondary sludge (DSC), as well as the feasibility of char production for Cd sorbent purposes, and the pyrolysis energy balance were evaluated. Results showed that the sorption capacity of PSC (9.1 mg/g; 800 degrees C, 70 min) was superior to that of DSC (6.0 mg/g; 800 degrees C, 70 min), and increased with a higher pyrolysis temperature. Pyrolysis of primary sludge had a more favourable energy balance compared with the pyrolysis of digested sludge, however, when accounting for loss of biogas production the energy balance of primary sludge pyrolysis was negative. Assessment of the regional demand (V & auml;ster & aring;s, Sweden) indicated that PSC or DSC may cover the local Cd sorbent demand. However, it was estimated that large char volumes would be required, thus making the use of DSC/PSC less feasible.

There has been an increased interest in the production of sustainable biochar in the past years, as biochar shows versatile physicochemical properties and, can have a wide applicability in diverse fields. Comprehensive studies have been made to characterize biochar produced from various biomass materials, using different production technologies and under different process conditions. However, research is still lacking in correlating biochar properties needed for certain applications with (i) feedstock, (ii) biochar production processes and conditions and (iii) biochar upgrading and modification strategies. To produce biochar with desired properties, there is a great need to establish and clarify such correlations, which can guide the selection of feedstock, tuning and optimization of the production process and more efficient utilization of biochar. On the other hand, further elucidation of these correlations is also important for biochar-stakeholder and end-users for predicting physiochemical properties of biochar from certain feedstock and production conditions, assessing potential effects of biochar utilization and clearly address needs towards biochar critical properties. This review summarizes a wide range of literature on the impact of feedstocks and production processes and reactions conditions on the biochar properties and the most important biochar properties required for the different potential applications. Based on collected data, recommendations are provided for mapping out biochar production for different biochar applications. Knowledge gaps and perspectives for future research have also been identified regarding the characterization and production of biochar. 

Municipal wastewater management causes metal exposure to humans and the environment. Targeted metal removal is suggested to reduce metal loads during sludge reuse and release of effluent to receiving waters. Biochar is considered a low-cost sorbent with high sorption capacity for heavy metals. In this study, heavy metal sorption to sludge-derived biochar (SDBC) was investigated through batch experiments and modeling and compared to that of wood-derived biochar (WDBC) and activated carbon (AC). The aim was to investigate the sorption efficiency at metal concentrations comparable to those in municipal wastewater (<1 mg/L), for which experimental data are lacking and isotherm models have not been verified in previous works. Pb2+ removal of up to 83% was demonstrated at concentrations comparable to those in municipal wastewater, at pH 2. SDBC showed superior Pb2+ sorption capacity (maximum ~2 mg/g at pH 2) compared to WDBC and AC (<0 and (3.5 ± 0.4) × 10−3 mg/g, respectively); however, at the lowest concentration investigated (0.005 mg/L), SDBC released Pb2+. The potential risk of release of other heavy metals (i.e., Ni, Cd, Cu, and Zn) needs to be further examined. The sorption capacity of SDBC over a metal concentration span of 0.005–150 mg Pb2+/L could be predicted with the Redlich– Peterson model. It was shown that experimental data at concentrations comparable to those in municipal wastewater are necessary to accurately model and predict the sorption capacity of SDBC at these concentrations. 

Background Soil-based on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWSs) are suspected to contribute to eutrophication of surface waters, due to the discharge of phosphorus (P). However, along the flow path between the facilities and surface waters, different processes contribute to delay the transport of phosphorus through the ground. This may reduce the unwanted impact on receiving water bodies. However, the strength and significance of this so-called soil retention remains unclear. In Sweden, there are nearly one million OWSs. To protect surface waters, a high P removal rate (up to 90%) is often required by the local municipalities. However, since these requirements may have costly consequences to property owners, it is debated as to whether they are too strict. In this debate, it is often claimed that the retention of P occurring in natural environments may be underestimated by authorities. Accordingly, there is a need for a scrutiny of the available evidence related to soil retention of phosphorus from OWSs. This is the objective of the planned systematic map. Focus will be on boreal and temperate climate zones. Methods Searches will be made for peer-reviewed articles and grey literature using bibliographic databases, search engines, specialist websites and stakeholder contacts. The references will be screened for relevance according to a predefined set of eligibility criteria. At stage one, after testing and clarifying the eligibility criteria, the references will be single-screened based on title and abstract. At stage two, potentially relevant references will be screened in full-text independently by two reviewers. We will compile a detailed database of the relevant studies. Moreover, a narrative report will be produced, describing the research landscape in general terms. This will be carried out with a conceptual model, describing the processes involved in P retention in natural environments, as a foundation. It will be discussed where the respective studies/study types fit into the conceptual model, and also evaluated how each study/study type can be related to the overarching question of eutrophication. Moreover, we will describe identified knowledge gaps that warrant further primary research effort, as well as identified knowledge clusters that could be suitable for systematic reviews.