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This thesis is about the requirement elicitation and conceptual modelling of a multi-layered dynamic off-road map with an emphasis on advancing toward real-world validation scenarios. Specifically, it addresses the challenges in fleet management for autonomous haulers moving earth material in open-pit mining applications at construction sites. The map used to coordinate these autonomous haulers is critical in ensuring productivity and safety, with terrain friction being a key aspect. However, the current state-of-practice relies on static maps that do not support dynamic updating to reflect changes in terrain properties.To address these limitations, this thesis explores the requirements for a multilayered dynamic map and proposes their integration with the fleet management system using a standardised approach based on a digital twin framework for manufacturing. Although static maps require validation, maps populated with dynamic components necessitate an even more rigorous validation prior to implementation in real-world applications. Therefore, validation scenarios based on best practices are designed to ensure the map’s functionality under various real-world conditions. 

The decentralization of the Swedish school system in the 1990s changed its mission, which now includes the work with continuous quality improvement. Since then, the work with continuous quality improvement has increased and is now a central part of principal's daily work. In this work, principals are responsible for the school's educational outcomes and need to evaluate and follow up on the school's activities.

The purpose of this study is to contribute knowledge about principals practice with continuous quality improvement. The empirical data for the study consist of video observations of follow-up meetings between principals within upper secondary schools and the local education authority (LEA). In this study, principals’ continuous quality improvement is understood and examined as a specific practice, supported by the theory of practice architectures (Kemmis et al., 2014).

This study contributes knowledge about principals' continuous quality improvement by examining what emerges in the discussion between management and high school principals, including both enabling and limiting factors. The study provides a rich description of what high school principals and management discuss regarding principals' continuous quality improvement, how it is carried out, and who is involved and/or related to it. The enabling and limiting factors are characterized using Kemmis et al. (2014)’s practice theory, based on arrangements at three levels: the principal's work and leadership at the school unit, the principal's continuous quality improvement, and the school's organization and governance.

The results of this study can be used, for example, when the management forms its continuous quality improvement to create better conditions for principals in carrying out their mission. This study also shows a need for more research on continuous quality improvement practices at various levels of the governance chain. For example, there is a need to further study the management's practice of continuous quality improvement to gain more knowledge about this work and how the management can contribute to creating a cohesive approach to this mission from the principal to the policy level.