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The new generation networks and systems are increasingly demanded to present higher capacities such as flexibility, adaptability, or real-time capabilities. In this context, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards provide Ethernet with functionalities capable of meeting these new demands. However, the adoption of TSN by the industry has been limited due to the high complexity of configuring and analyzing its various mechanisms. This thesis aims to address this issue by developing tools to facilitate the adoption of TSN in the industry. To this end, we have created tools to enable efficient and semi-automatic TSN configuration and analysis. These tools can efficiently configure TSN networks based on traffic characteristics while supporting legacy devices in case of migration or integration of legacy systems to TSN. Additionally, the analysis tools enable guaranteeing the compliance of the TSN configuration with the network requirements with reduced waste of resources.

Specifically, we have devised a mapping tool called LETRA to distribute the Ethernet-based traffic among the three basic types of TSN traffic, i.e. Scheduled Traffic (ST), Audio-Video Bridging Traffic (AVB), and Best-Effort Traffic (BE). Since ST requires traffic scheduling, we developed HERMES, a heuristic scheduler that generates efficient schedules in a fast manner. For AVB traffic, which requires some previous schedulability analysis to guarantee it meets its time requirements, we propose a new Worst-Case Response Time Analysis (WCRTA) which reduces the pessimism of previous approaches. Finally, regarding the support for the integration of legacy devices in TSN systems, we have developed mechanisms to avoid adverse consequences resulting from the lack of synchronization between legacy devices and TSN.

Evidence-based interventions (EBIs) are effective tools for improving and maintaining health and wellbeing across various settings in society. However, their success relies on balancing adherence to the components and core elements of EBIs that ensure effectiveness with the need to adapt these interventions to fit different contexts. This challenge, known as the fidelity-adaptation dilemma, is highly relevant in practice during the sustainment phase of implementation, where professionals delivering EBIs to target groups are responsible for managing this dilemma. Even though EBIs are a central part of many professionals' working-life, there is limited understanding of how professionals experience the dilemma in practice and how it is associated with their psychosocial working conditions. There is also a gap in knowledge about the sustainment phase, during which professionals are key to the success of EBIs—in other words, they determine to a high degree whether an EBI is effective for its target group through the adaptations they make. Moreover, little is known about how decision support interventions can help professionals balance fidelity and adaptation. The overall aim of this thesis is therefore to explore the fidelity-adaptation dilemma from the professionals' perspective by looking at their perceptions, attitudes, management, and psychosocial working conditions when using EBIs in the sustainment phase of implementation. A secondary aim is to investigate a structured decision support intervention—the Adaptation and Fidelity Tool (A-FiT)— that aims to support professionals in making planned, intentional decisions about fidelity and adaptations.

This thesis comprises four studies, each focusing on different main aspects of professionals' experiences with the fidelity-adaptation dilemma when using EBIs in practice: perceptions (Study I), attitudes (Study II), and psychosocial working conditions (Studies II and IV) but also adaptations made (Study III), and the investigation of a decision support intervention (Studies III and IV). The participants were professionals working with two evidence-based parent education programs in Sweden: Cool Kids (Study I) and All Children in Focus (ABC) (Studies II–IV). The research employed both qualitative and quantitative methods, with cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

The key findings of the thesis indicate that professionals have varying attitudes toward fidelity and adaptation (Studies I and II) but generally perceive the fidelity-adaptation dilemma as challenging (Study I). Professionals who favored adaptations over fidelity reported more demanding working conditions compared to those who preferred fidelity or valued both equally (Study II). Prompts encouraging reflection on managing fidelity and adaptations were associated with lower perceived skills in delivering the EBI ABC (Study IV). The results also reveal that all professionals made adaptations (Studies I and IV), primarily to better fit the EBI into the context (practical adaptations). While the professionals made about the same number of adaptations both before and after participating in A-FiT, the reasons for making them changed. Practical adaptations increased in number after the professionals participated in A-FiT, while adaptations aimed at improving the EBI's effectiveness decreased (Study III).

This thesis advances the understanding of the fidelity-adaptation dilemma, demonstrating how EBIs can act as both resources and job demands. The findings highlight the importance of reflection both before, during (in), and after (on) action in making effective decisions about fidelity and adaptation, as supported by A-FiT and reflective prompts. Addressing this dilemma requires support beyond the individual level, including education and information about EBIs' components, fidelity, adaptations, and implementation, as well as organizational support and adequate resources, such as opportunities and time to reflect. The thesis emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to fidelity and adaptation for effective EBI sustainment, and calls for further investigation of the dilemma from the professionals' perspective and the impact of tools such as AFiT. Such research, together with the findings from this thesis could contribute to better support for professionals in their management and experience of the dilemma and to that society gains the best possible outcomes from EBIs in the future.

Modern health and welfare services are increasingly characterized by standardized methods and growing demands for services to be grounded in scientific findings. At the same time, professionals are expected to exercise judgment to meet individual needs. This thesis explores how this tension manifests in the way that professionals navigate fidelity–adaptation dilemmas while providing parenting programs in community settings in Sweden. 

Through a combination of qualitative interviews and a discrete choice experiment, this thesis examines (1) the circumstances that trigger adaptations, (2) the nature and consistency of modifications made to programs, and (3) how professionals weigh different outcomes when making adaptation decisions. 

The findings demonstrate that fidelity–adaptation decisions are pervasive and dynamic, occurring even in well-implemented programs. Study I identifies 11 distinct reasons facilitators recognize for making adaptations. Study II reveals that practitioners’ capacity to make thoughtful adjustments while maintaining program integrity varies considerably. Study III illuminates the breadth of outcomes valued by providers and recipients, highlighting the complex multi-goal context of program delivery. Study IV quantifies how professionals prioritize these different outcomes and finds that relationship quality most strongly influences adaptation decisions.

The findings demonstrate that fidelity–adaptation decisions are pervasive and dynamic, occurring even in well-implemented programs. These decisions reflect the complex interplay between practitioners’ professional judgment, working conditions, and organizational demands. This thesis shows how practitioners actively negotiate competing professional demands in their daily work, demonstrates how organizational contexts and governance structures shape professional discretion, and highlights the importance of creating supportive work environments that enable practitioners to make informed decisions while managing multiple organizational goals. These insights suggest that sustainable implementation requires approaches that recognize and support practitioners’ professional agency while acknowledging the complex organizational realities in which they operate.

The impact of work on mental health is a global issue, costing $1 trillion annually. Work-related depression alone costs 620 billion Euros each year. As work rates intensify in Europe, so does workplace stress. The organisational and social work environment (OSWE) significantly affects worker health. The OSWE not only impacts health but may also hinder innovation.  Encouraging employee-driven innovation (EDI) without ensuring worker health can be risky. However, research has shown that a high Psychosocial Safety Climate (PSC) protects workers from organisational and social risks, which is why building a high (PSC) is anticipated to be crucial for worker health and breaking down barriers to EDI. This thesis combines occupational health and EDI research to explore 1) how to build PSC and organisational and social working conditions and 2) how PSC relates to EDI. The research is mainly built on a longitudinal quasi-experimental study with an intervention and control group. In the quasi-experiment, the ‘active ingredient’ is a manager-led training intervention's impact on PSC and OSWE in Sweden's private sector. Literature reviews examine important working conditions for health and the role of OSWE during technological transitions. Findings show that PSC can be built through manager training and collaboration, improving PSC and organisational and social working conditions. PSC is also found to be related to EDI, with management behaviours explaining the relationship. The literature reviews highlight the need for attention to PSC during technological changes. The research concludes that integrating occupational health and EDI extends theory and understanding in both fields, providing practical insights on building PSC and demonstrating how PSC is related to EDI.