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  • 251.
    Bosnic, Ivana
    et al.
    FER, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cavrak, Igor
    FER, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
    Di Nitto, Elisabetta
    Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
    Feljan, Juraj
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Mirandola, Raffaela
    Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
    Introducing SCRUM into a Distributed Software Development Course2015In: Workshop on Enhancing Software Engineering Education WESEE2015, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The growing enactment of Global Software Engineering in industry has triggered educational institutions to perceive the importance of preparing students for distributed software development. During the last twelve years we have disclosed advantages and pitfalls of GSE to our students through our Distributed Software Development course. After running the projects according to the iterative process model for eleven years, we decided to shift to an agile development model, SCRUM. This decision was due to the growing industrial adoption of agile methods, but more importantly to increase proactiveness, sense of responsibility, and to balance the workload among the project team members. In this paper we describe the process and outcomes of our first attempt at introducing SCRUM in our distributed course.

  • 252.
    Bosnic, Ivana
    et al.
    FER, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Crnkovic, Ivica
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cavrak, Igor
    FER, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
    Di Nitto, Elisabetta
    Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
    Mirandola, Raffaela
    Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
    Zagar, Mario
    FER, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
    Managing diversity in distributed software development education: a longitudinal case study2019In: ACM Transactions on Computing Education, ISSN 1946-6226, E-ISSN 1946-6226, Vol. 19, no 2Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Teaching Distributed Software Development with real distributed settings is a challenging and rewarding task. Distributed courses are idiosyncratically more challenging than standard local courses.We have experienced this during our distributed course, which has been run for 14 consecutive years. In this paper, we present and analyze the emerging diversities specific to distributed project-based courses. We base our arguments on our experience and we exploit a three-layered distributed course model, which we use to analyze several course elements throughout the 14-years lifetime of our distributed project-based course. In particular, we focus on the changes that the course underwent throughout the years, combining findings obtained from the analyzed data with our own teaching perceptions. Additionally, we propose insights on how to manage the various diversity aspects.

  • 253. Boussemart, Yves
    et al.
    Lundqvist, Kristina
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    The Gurkh Framework: an Industrial Case Study and Certification Issues for Safety Critical Software2006Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 254.
    Boussemart, Yves
    et al.
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
    Ouimet, Martin
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
    Gorelov, Sebastien
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
    Lundqvist, Kristina
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
    Non-Intrusive System-Level Fault Tolerance for an Electronic Throttle Controller2006In: Proceedings ICN 2006, ICONS 2006, MVL 2006, 2006Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes the methodology used to add nonintrusive system-level fault tolerance to an electronic throttle controller. The original model of the throttle controller is a hybrid system created at a major automotive company. We use Gurkh as a framework within which we translate the hybrid model into a set of timed automata and perform analysis using formal methods. The first step of the translation process is to transform the hybrid model and its static schedule into Gurkh’s preemptive tasking paradigm. Using the UPPAAL tool, we then check the correctness of the resulting set of timed-automata by formally verifying reachability and timing properties. We also propose a method for quantifying the quality of the translation by estimating the amount of jitter thence introduced. The final step is the implementation of a Monitoring Chip based on the formal system model. The chip provides non-intrusive "out-of-path" and timing error detection which in turn allows for fault tolerance at a system level.

  • 255.
    Brahneborg, Daniel
    et al.
    Infoflex Connect AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Afzal, Wasif
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Causevic, Adnan
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    A Black-Box Approach to Latency and Throughput Analysis2017In: Proceedings - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion, QRS-C 2017, 2017, p. 603-604, article id 8004393Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To enable fast and reliable delivery of mobile text messages (SMS), special bidirectional protocols are often used. Measuring the achieved throughput and involved latency is however non-trivial, due to the complexity of these protocols. Modifying an existing system would incur too much of a risk, so instead a new tool was created to analyse the log files containing information about this traffic in a black-box fashion. When the produced raw data was converted into graphs, they gave new insights into the behaviour of both the protocols and the remote systems involved.

  • 256.
    Brahneborg, Daniel
    et al.
    Infoflex Connect AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Afzal, Wasif
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Causevic, Adnan
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    A Pragmatic Perspective on Regression Testing Challenges2017In: Proceedings - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion, QRS-C 2017, Prague, Czech Republic, 2017, p. 618-619, article id 8004401Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Regression testing research has received significant focus during the past decades, acknowledging the benefits it can provide to organisations in terms of reduced development and maintenance costs, as well as sustained end-user satisfaction. There are several challenges left to overcome before the industry can fully take advantage of the available research results in this area. To get a better overview of how current regression testing research fits in with today’s industrial practices, we read a selection of papers in the field and based on our experience, critically examined their content. As a result, we present and discuss a taxonomy of regression testing challenges, from the perspectives of both methods and organisations, that we believe will foster the industrial uptake of regression testing.

  • 257.
    Brahneborg, Daniel
    et al.
    Infoflex Connect AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Afzal, Wasif
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Causevic, Adnan
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Björkman, Mats
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Round-Trip Time Anomaly Detection2018In: ICPE '18 Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering, 2018, p. 107-114Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mobile text messages (SMS) are sometimes used for authentication, which requires short and reliable delivery times. The observed round-trip times when sending an SMS message provide valuable information on the quality of the connection. In this industry paper, we propose a method for detecting round-trip time anomalies, where the exact distribution is unknown, the variance is several orders of magnitude, and there are lots of shorter spikes that should be ignored. In particular, we show that using an adaption of Double Seasonal Exponential Smoothing to reduce the content dependent variations, followed by the Remedian to find short-term and long-term medians, successfully identifies larger groups of outliers. As training data for our method we use log files from a live SMS gateway. In order to verify the effectiveness of our approach, we utilize simulated data. Our contributions are a description on how to isolate content dependent variations, and the sequence of steps to find significant anomalies in big data.

  • 258.
    Bramberger, Robert
    et al.
    Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Graz, Austria.
    Martin, Helmut
    Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Graz, Austria.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Schmittner, Christoph
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
    Co-engineering of Safety and Security Life Cycles for Engineering of Automotive Systems2019In: ACM SIGAda Ada Letters, ISSN 1094-3641, E-ISSN 1557-9476, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 41-48Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nowadays systems are becoming more and more connected. Consequently, the co-engineering of (cyber)security and safety life cycles becomes paramount. Currently, no standard provides a structured co-engineering process to facilitate the communication between safety and security engineers. In this paper, we propose a process for co- engineering safety and security by the explicit systematization and management of commonalities and variabilities, implicitly stated in the requirements of the different standards. Our process treats the safety and security life cycles as members of a security-informed safety-oriented process line and so it forces safety and security engineers to come together and brainstorm on what might be considered a commonality and what might be considered a variability. We illustrate the usage of our process by systematizing commonalities and variabilities at risk analysis phase in the context of ISO 26262 and SAE J3061. We then draw lessons learnt. Finally, we sketch some directions for future work.

  • 259.
    Breivold, Hongyu Pei
    et al.
    ABB Corporate Research, Västerås, Sweden .
    Crnkovic, Ivica
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Radosevic, Iva
    Balatinac, Ivan
    Architecting for the cloud: A systematic review2015In: Proceedings - 17th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, CSE 2014, Jointly with 13th IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications, IUCC 2014, 13th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms, and Networks, I-SPAN 2014 and 8th International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology, FCST 2014, 2015, p. 312-318Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cloud Computing has emerged as a new paradigm in the field of network-based services within many industrial and application domains. The major benefits that it provides in terms of IT efficiency and business agility represent a huge competitive advantage for an organization. However, building new services in the cloud or designing cloud-based solutions into existing business context in general is a complex decision process involving many factors. In this paper, we undertake a systematic review to obtain an overview of the existing studies in designing cloud-based solutions. In particular, we investigate the main challenges and concerns when building cloud-based architectures and different architectural approaches and design considerations that are proposed in literatures to meet these specific concerns. The search strategy identified 72 studies that were catalogued as primary studies for this review after using multi-step selection process. The main challenges and concerns are classified into four main categories: security and trustworthiness, elasticity, portability and interoperability, and cloud resilience. We have also categorized studies that describe architectural approaches and design considerations when architecting for the cloud. Implications for research and practice are presented as well.

  • 260. Broschert, Stefan
    et al.
    Coughlin, Tom
    Ferraris, Mourizio
    Flammini, Francesco
    Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM).
    Florido, Jose Gonzalez
    Gonzalez, Alejandro Cadenas
    Henz, Patrick
    de Kerckhove, Derrick
    Rosen, Roland
    Saracco, Roberto
    Singh, Aman
    Vitillo, Antony
    Yousif, Mazin
    Symbiotic Autonomous Systems: White Paper III2019Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 261.
    Broux, Ruben
    et al.
    Mälardalen University.
    Lisova, Elena
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Communication Patterns in Automotive Systems2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the last decade, electronics and software have replaced many mechanical components in vehicles at an unprecedented rate. New emerging technologies have found their way into the vehicular domain,like for instance, ADAS systems. This change brings some particular challenges with it in terms of functionalities, safety and security. Many vehicle distributed functions require hard real-time and secure communication. Therefore, the electrical and electronic (E/E architectures) architectures are in a continuously adapting trend to meet the new standards.The adaptation from a distributed to a domain-centralized architectureis already present. It is crucial to facilitate reuse of system architectural solutions in order to make system development more efficient. Therefore, we propose the use of communication architectural patterns. We present a method to map communication patterns on a certain layer ofabstraction. The method has been evaluated through several industrialuse cases. Furthermore, this work sets precedence for future research and development, as well as future applications of the method.

  • 262.
    Brynedal Ignell, Nils
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Definition, analysis and implementation of a model-checked Space Plug-and-play Architecture adaptation for the Controller Area Network2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The Virtual Network (VN) protocol is a communications protocol software compatible with the Space Plug-and-play Architecture (SPA). This Master Thesis defines a protocol that extends the Virtual Network protocol to cover communication over the Controller Area Network (CAN). The Virtual Network for the Controller Area Network (VN-CAN) is defined, modelled and verified using UPPAAL as well as implemented and tested while running on actual hardware.

    The VN-CAN protocol enables components on the CAN network to communicate with other components both inside and outside of the CAN network, which together with the modularity of both the protocol and the implementation enables application level software to be agnostic of their physical position in the network.

    The implementation enables components to automatically discover routes to other components on the VN network without the need for any prior knowledge about the network topology. A method for direct addressing, i.e. that two components on the CAN network can communicate directly without sending messages via a central router, has been added to the VN-CAN protocol in order to reduce traffic on the CAN network. UPPAAL modelling and verification of the VN-CAN protocol has been done to give a high level of confidence in the correctness of the protocol. Testing on actual hardware has shown that the protocol achieves the goals of address resolution, self addressing and transfer of VN messages over CAN.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Master_Thesis_Nils_Brynedal_Ignell.pdf
  • 263.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    A Model-based Approach for Vehicular Systems2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper introduces a novel model-based approach for the software development of vehicular embedded systems. The proposed approach discloses the opportunity of improving efficiency of the development process by providing support to identify viable design solutions with respect to selected non functional requirements. To this end, it leverages the interplay of two modelling languages for the vehicular domain whose integration is achieved by a suite of model transformations. An instantiation of the methodology is discussed for timing requirements, which are among the most critical ones for the development of vehicular systems. The applicability of the methodology is demonstrated as proof of concepts on industrial use cases performed in cooperation with our industrial partners.

  • 264.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    A-CPS: Automation in high-performance cyber physical systems development2019In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2405, CEUR-WS , 2019, p. 15-20Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we describe the Automation in High-performance Cyber Physical Systems Development research project. Its main goal is to contribute to the advancement of the state of the art in the model-based development of heterogeneous vehicular systems. In particular, the project aims at providing a model-based framework for the automatic assessment of timeliness of vehicular systems by means of model-based simulation, timing analysis and their interplay. Additional information on the project can be found through its official website: http://www.es.mdh.se/projects/520-Automation_in_High_performance_Cyber_Physical_Systems_Development Copyright © 2019 for this paper by its authors.

  • 265.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Bidirectionality in Model-Driven Engineering2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In Model-Driven Engineering bidirectional model transformations emerged as an important ingredient to cope with scenarios such as change propagation, synchronization and to keep consistent system views whenever changes occurring on some view have to be propagated over the others. However, bidirectional mappings open a number of intricate issues that have been only partially solved by research.

    This master thesis identifies a set of features characterizing bidirectional transformations and validates them against two existing approaches. In particular, a benchmark based on the UML2RDBMS transformation and consisting of two different configurations is implemented by means of two different approaches, such as Triple Graph Grammars and the Janus Transformation Language, for understanding bidirectional transformations with respect to the elicited features.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Bidirectionality in Model-Driven Engineering
  • 266.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Boosting the Development of High-performance Automotive Systems2019In: Junior Researcher Community Event at Software Technologies: Applications and Foundations 2019 STAF-JRC19, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes a postdoctoral research aiming at improving the design of high-performance automotive systems through automation by model transformations. The main goal of this research is to enable early timing verification and feedback loops between verification and design of high-performance automotive systems. The research described in this paper is framed within the Swedish research project Automation in High-performance Cyber Physical Systems Development. More information about the project can be found at the following link: http://www.es.mdh.se/projects/520-Automation_ in_High_performance_Cyber_Physical_Systems_Development

  • 267.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Systems AB, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Raising Abstraction in Timing Analysis for Vehicular Embedded Systems through Model-Driven Engineering2015In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2015, Vol. 1499, p. 11-20Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The complexity of vehicular embedded systems is continuously increasing and this can negatively a ect their development cost and time to market. One way to alleviate these issues is to anticipate analysis of system properties at design time for early architectural re- nements. In this paper, we present a licentiate work which aims at contributing to this e ort. In particular, considering the importance of timing constraints typical of vehicular embedded systems, we leverage Model-Driven Engineering for realizing an automatic approach which allows the developer to perform timing analysis on design models, without having to manually specify timing elements. The proposed approach, starting from a high-level model of the vehicular embedded application, generates a set of candidate models enriched with timing elements in a semi-automatic manner. Timing analysis is run on the generated models and, based on its results, the approach supports the selection of the best candidate model for a speci c, non-empty, set of timing constraints

  • 268.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Systems AB, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Addazi, Lorenzo
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Eramo, Romina
    University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy..
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Systems AB, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Nolin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    MoVES: a Model-driven methodology for Vehicular Embedded Systems2018In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, p. 6424-6445Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper introduces a novel model-driven methodology for the software development of real-time distributed vehicular embedded systems on single- and multi-core platforms. The proposed methodology discloses the opportunity of improving the cost-efficiency of the development process by providing automated support to identify viable design solutions with respect to selected non-functional requirements. To this end, it leverages the interplay of modelling languages for the vehicular domain whose integration is achieved by a suite of model transformations. An instantiation of the methodology is discussed for timing requirements, which are among the most critical ones for vehicular systems. To support the design of temporally correct systems, a cooperation between EAST-ADL and the Rubus Component Model is opportunely built-up by means of model transformations, enabling timing-aware design and model-based timing analysis of the system. The applicability of the methodology is demonstrated as proof of concepts on industrial use cases performed in cooperation with our industrial partners.

  • 269.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Becker, Matthias
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Enabling Automated Integration of Architectural Languages: an Experience Report from the Automotive Domain2022In: Journal of Systems and Software, ISSN 0164-1212, E-ISSN 1873-1228, Vol. 184, article id 111106Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modern automotive software systems consist of hundreds of heterogeneous software applications, belonging to separated function domains and often developed within distributed automotive ecosystems consisting of original equipment manufactures, tier-1 and tier-2 companies. Hence, the development of modern automotive software systems is a formidable challenge. A well-known instrument for coping with the tremendous heterogeneity and complexity of modern automotive software systems is the use of architectural languages as a way of enabling different and specific views over these systems. However, the use of different architectural languages might come with the cost of reduced interoperability and automation as different languages might have weak to no integration. In this article, we tackle the challenge of integrating two architectural languages heavily used in the automotive domain for the design and timing analysis of automotive software systems: AMALTHEA and Rubus Component Model. The main contributions of this paper are i) a mapping scheme for the translation of an AMALTHEA architecture into a Rubus Component Model architecture where high-precision timing analysis can be run, and the back annotation of the analysis results on the starting AMALTHEA architecture; ii) the implementation of the proposed scheme, which uses the concept of model transformations for enabling a full-fledged automated integration; iii) the application of such automation on three industrial automotive systems being the brake-by-wire, the full blown engine management system and the engine management system. We discuss and evaluate the proposed contributions using an online, experts survey and the above-mentioned use cases. Based on the evaluation results, we conclude that the proposed automation mechanism is correct and applicable in industrial contexts. Besides, we observe that the performance of the automation mechanism does not degrade when translating large models with several thousands of elements. Eventually, we conclude that experts in this field find the proposed contribution industrially relevant.

  • 270.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Becker, Matthias
    KTH Royal Instituite of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lundbäck, John
    Arcticus Systems, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Mackamul, Harald
    Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany.
    From AMALTHEA to RCM and Back: a Practical Architectural Mapping Scheme2020In: 46th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications SEAA 2020, Portorož, Slovenia, 2020, p. 537-544, article id 9226302Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper focuses on the mapping between twoindustrial architectural languages: AMALTHEA and RubusComponent Model. Both languages are heavily used within theautomotive domain for the design and timing analysis of automo-tive software, respectively. The main contribution of this paperis a mapping scheme between the two architectural languagesenabling i) the translation of an AMALTHEA architecture intoa Rubus Component Model architecture where high-precisiontiming analysis can be performed ii) and the back-propagationof the analysis results on the AMALTHEA architecture. Wevalidate the applicability of the proposed mapping scheme usingan industrial use case from the automotive domain: the brake-by-wire system. We discuss the industrial relevance and lessonslearnt of this work using expert interviews

  • 271.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Kodali, M.
    Westermo, Västerås, Sweden.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Alignment of Requirements and Testing in Agile: An Industrial Experience2018In: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, ISSN 2194-5357, E-ISSN 2194-5365, Vol. 738, p. 225-232Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Agile development aims at switching the focus from processes to interactions between stakeholders, from heavy to minimalistic documentation, from contract negotiation and detailed plans to customer collaboration and prompt reaction to changes. With these premises, requirements traceability may appear to be an overly exigent activity, with little or no return-of-investment. However, since testing remains crucial even when going agile, the developers need to identify at a glance what to test and how to test it. That is why, even though requirements traceability has historically faced a firm resistance from the agile community, it can provide several benefits when promoting precise alignment of requirements with testing. This paper reports on our experience in promoting traceability of requirements and testing in the data communications for mission-critical systems in an industrial Scrum project. We define a semi-automated requirements tracing mechanism which coordinates four traceability techniques. We evaluate the solution by applying it to an industrial project aiming at enhancing the existing Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol by adding Simple Network Management Protocol support. 

  • 272.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Pierantonio, Alfonso
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Towards Design-Space Exploration of Component Chains in Vehicle Software2016In: 42nd Euromicro Conference series on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, Work In Progress (WiP) SEAA 2016 WiP, 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The size, complexity and heterogeneity of vehicular software systems has been constantly increasing. As a result, there is a growing consensus on the need to leverage modelbased techniques for automating, thus taming, error-proneness of tedious engineering tasks. Our methodology employs a one-tomany model transformation for generating a set of implementation models from a single design model. Then, it evaluates the appropriateness of each generated model by means of modelbased timing analysis. In this ongoing work, we discuss an enhancement of our methodology where model-based timing analysis is extended for running on a single model with uncertainty.

  • 273.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Syst, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Pierantonio, Alfonso
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Univ Aquila, DISIM, Laquila, Italy.
    Handling Uncertainty in Automatically Generated Implementation Models in the Automotive Domain2016In: 42nd Euromicro Conference series on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications SEAA 2016, 2016, p. 173-180Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Models and model transformations, the two core constituents of Model-Driven Engineering, aid in software development by automating, thus taming, error-proneness of tedious engineering activities. In most cases, the result of these automated activities is an overwhelming amount of information. This is the case of one-to-many model transformations that, e.g. in designspace exploration, can potentially generate a massive amount of candidate models (i.e., solution space) from one single model. In our scenario, from one design model we generate a set of possible implementation models on which timing analysis is run. The aim is to find the best model from a timing perspective. However, multiple implementation models can have equally good analysis results. Therefore, the engineer is expected to investigate the solution space for making a final decision, using criteria which fall outside the analysis’ criteria themselves. Since candidate models can be many and very similar to each other, manually finding differences and commonalities is an impractical and errorprone task. In order to provide the engineer with an expressive representation of models’ commonalities and differences, we propose the use of modelling with uncertainty. We achieve this by elevating the solution space to a first-class status, adopting a compact notation capable of representing the solution space by means of a single model with uncertainty. Commonalities and differences are thus represented by means of uncertainty points for the engineer to easily grasp them and consistently make her decision without manually inspecting each model individually.

  • 274.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Di Salle, Amleto
    European University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    From low-level programming to full-fledged industrial model-based development: the story of the Rubus Component Model2023In: Software and Systems Modeling, ISSN 1619-1366, E-ISSN 1619-1374Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Developing distributed real-time systems is a complex task that has historically entailed specialized handcraft. In this paper, we propose a retrospective on the (r)evolutionary changes that led to the transition from low-level programming to industrial full-fledged model-based development embodied by the Rubus Component Model and its tool-ecosystem. We focus on the needs, challenges, and solutions of a 15-year-long evolution journey of a software development approach that has gone from low-level and manual programming to a highly automated environment offering modeling, analysis, and development of vehicular software systems with multi-criticality for deployment on single- and multi-core platforms. 

  • 275.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Di Silvestro, Fabio
    Bombardier Transportation, Sweden.
    Singh, Inderjeet
    Bombardier Transportation, Sweden.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Muccini, Henry
    University of L'Aquila, Italy.
    Jochumsson, Thorvaldur
    Bombardier Transportation, Sweden.
    Model-based Automation of Test Script Generation Across Product Variants: a Railway Perspective2021In: 2nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automation of Software Test AST 2021, 2021, p. 20-29Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we report on our experience indefining and applying a model-based approach for the automaticgeneration of test scripts for product variants in software productlines. The proposed approach is the result of an effort leveragingthe experiences and results from the technology transfer activitieswith our industrial partner Bombardier Transportation. Theproposed approach employs metamodelling and model transfor-mations for representing different testing artefacts and makingtheir generation automatic. We demonstrate the industrial ap-plicability and efficiency of the proposed approach using theBombardier Transportation Aventra software product line. Weobserve that the proposed approach mitigates the developmenteffort, time consumption and consistency drawbacks typical oftraditional strategies.

  • 276.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Dimic, Vlatko
    Arcticus Syst AB, JARFALLA, SWEDEN.
    Lönn, Henrik
    Volvo, GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN.
    Gålnander, Mattias
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Lundbäck, John
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Transferring a model-based development methodology to the automotive industry2021In: 22nd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT'21) ICIT 2021, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 277.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Flammini, Francesco
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Ahlskog, Mats
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Towards Model-Based Performability Evaluation of Production Systems2020In: Work-in-progress at IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation WIP@ETFA, 2020, p. 1085-1088Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Future smart factories will be increasingly required to predict expected performance and dependability metrics related to their production processes. Domain-specific metrics include overall equipment effectiveness that measures production system availability/uptime, performance/speed and output quality. In this work-in-progress paper, we take initial steps towards a model-based approach to evaluate production-specific metrics using domain-specific languages, model transformations and stochastic modelling formalism

  • 278.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lundback, J.
    Arcticus Systems AB, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Pelliccione, P.
    University of l'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Architecting and Analysing Connected Autonomous Vehicles2020In: Proceedings - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion, ICSA-C 2020, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2020, p. 5-6Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This tutorial focuses on the vehicular domain, which is living a very interesting moment due to the many challenges the domain is experiencing, including autonomy of vehicles, vehicles that are becoming constituent systems in the system-of-systems context and many more. The ever-increasing software complexity in vehicles requires software architecture descriptions, which enable the software developers to compare and relate different products across different vehicle programs, development units, and organisations (in the vehicular ecosystem). Many vehicular functions are constrained by stringent timing requirements. The developers of these functions are required to analyse and verify these requirements at the software architecture level and often very early during the development process [1], [2]. In this context, the tutorial focuses on the design and timing predictability verification of vehicular software architectures for different Electrical and Electronic (E/E) architectures in connected and autonomous vehicles. The key takeaways of the tutorial are: i) an overview of the software development for various vehicular E/E architectures; ii) an overview of state of the art in the area; iii) understanding rudiments and value of timing analysis for this domain; iv) experience an industrial process for architecting and analysing the vehicle software via hands-on practice and demonstration. 

  • 279.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lundbäck, John
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Gålnander, Mattias
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Lundbäck, Kurt-Lennart
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Becker, Matthias
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Modelling and Timing Analysis of Real-time Applications on Evolving Automotive E/E Architectures using Rubus-ICE2019In: Open Demo Session of Real-Time Systems 2019 RTSS@Work'19, Hong Kong, HongKong, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The automotive E/E architectures are evolving from the traditional distributed architectures to upcoming consolidated domain architectures and possibly future centralised architectures. This paper demonstrates modelling and timing analysis of real-time embedded systems on contemporary automotive E/E architectures using the Rubus-ICE tool suite. The Rubus concept and tool suite, developed and evolved based on close academic-industrial collaboration, have been used in the automotive industry for over 25 years. The paper also demonstrates recent extensions and discusses proposals to support the modelling and timing analysis of the systems on future E/E architectures.

  • 280.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lundbäck, John
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Mubeen, Saad
    On Model-based Development of Embedded Software for Evolving Automotive E/E Architectures2020In: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Volume 1134, Las Vegas, United States, 2020, Vol. 1134, p. 693-699Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fueled by an increasing demand for computational power and high data-rate low-latency on-board communication, the automotive electrical and electronic architectures are evolving from distributed to consolidated domain and centralised architectures. Future electrical and electronic automotive architectures are envisioned to leverage heterogeneous computing platforms, where several different processing units will be embedded within electronic control units. These powerful control units are expected to be connected by high-bandwidth and low-latency on-board backbone networks. This paper draws on the industrial collaboration with the Swedish automotive industry for tackling the challenges associated to the model-based development of predictable embedded software for contemporary and evolving automotive E/E architectures.

  • 281.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Bringing MoVES Towards Consolidated Electrical/Electronic Automotive Architectures2019In: Work in Progress Session of the Euromicro DSD/SEAA 2019 conference WIP-SEAA, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 282.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Malardalen Univ, Vasteras, Sweden..
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Malardalen Univ, Vasteras, Sweden..
    MoVES Meets the Real World Automotive Benchmarks2020In: 2020 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY (ICIT), IEEE , 2020, p. 243-248Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a model-driven development methodology for automotive real-time embedded systems that is augmented according to realistic but intellectual property free automotive benchmarks. The augmentation correspond to the enrichment of various real-time properties and design decisions in the methodology, including the specification of different activation rates and patterns along embedded software component chains. These chains can be deployed within Electronic Control Units as well as on multiple distributed Electronic Control Units connected by on-board networks. This is achieved by extending the modelling language pillar of the methodology with structural elements and constraints guiding the specification of the activation rates and enforcing the activation patterns in the chains. The proposed extensions automatically discard non-complying activation rates along the chains and aid the engineer to select valid activation rates according to the automotive benchmarks. The extended methodology reduces the complexity of software development in automotive real-time embedded systems.

  • 283.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Systems AB, Jarfalla, Sweden.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Systems AB, Jarfalla, Sweden.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Exploring Timing Model Extractions at EAST-ADL Design-level Using Model Transformations2015In: Proceedings - 12th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, ITNG 2015, 2015, Vol. Article number 7113538, p. 596-600Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We discuss the problem of extracting control and data flows from vehicular distributed embedded systems at higher abstraction levels during their development. Unambiguous extraction of control and data flows is vital part of the end-to-end timing model which is used as input by the end-to end timinganalysis engines. The goal is to support end-to-end timing analysis at higher abstraction levels. In order to address the problem, we propose a two-phase methodology that exploits the principles of ModelDriven Engineering and Component Based Software Engineering. Using this methodology, the software architecture at a higher level is automatically transformed to all legal implementation-level models. The end-to-end timing analysis is performed on each generated implementation-level model and the analysis results are fed back to the design-level model. This activity supports design space exploration, modelrefinement and/or remodeling at higher abstraction levels for tuning the timing behavior of the system.

  • 284.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Systems AB, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Comparative Evaluation of Timing Model Extraction Methodologies at EAST-ADL Design Level2015In: Proceedings - 2015 IEEE 17th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 2015 IEEE 7th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security and 2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems, HPCC-CSS-ICESS 2015, 2015, p. 1110-1115Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There are various methodologies that support the extraction of timing models from EAST-ADL design-level models during the development of vehicular embedded software systems. These timing models are used to predict timing behavior of the systems by performing end-to-end timing analysis. This paper presents, for the first time, a comparative evaluation of three methodologies. We present an evaluation framework that consists of several evaluation features. Using the framework, we compare and evaluate the methodologies against each feature. Eventually, the evaluation results can be used as guidelines for the selection of the most suitable methodology with respect to the end-to-end timing behavior of a given vehicular embedded application.

  • 285.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Systems AB, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Arcticus Systems AB, Järfälla, Sweden.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Technology-preserving transition from single-core to multi-core in modelling vehicular systems2017In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10376, Springer Verlag , 2017, p. 285-299Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The vehicular industry has exploited model-based engineering for design, analysis, and development of single-core vehicular systems. Next generation of autonomous vehicles will require higher computational power, which can only be provided by parallel computing platforms such as multi-core electronic control units. Current model-based software development solutions and related modelling languages, originally conceived for single-core, cannot effectively deal with multi-core specific challenges, such as core-interdependency and allocation of software to hardware. In this paper, we propose an extension to the Rubus Component Model, central to the Rubus model-based approach, for the modelling, analysis, and development of vehicular systems on multi-core. Our goal is to provide a lightweight transition of a model-based software development approach from single-core to multi-core, without disrupting the current technological assets in the vehicular domain.

  • 286.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Nolin, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lundbäck, John
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Gålnander, Mattias
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Lundbäck, Kurt-Lennart
    Arcticus Systems AB, Sweden.
    Demonstrating Model- and Component-based Development of Vehicular Real-time Systems2017In: Open Demo Session of Real-Time Systems located at Real Time Systems Symposium (RTSS) RTSS@Work'17, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 287.
    Bucaioni, Alessio
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. ES (Embedded Systems).
    Pelliccione, Patrizio
    Gran Sasso Sci Inst, Laquila, Italy; Chalmers University, Sweden; Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Wohlrab, Rebekka
    Carnegie Mellon University, US.
    Aligning Architecture with Business Goals in the Automotive Domain2021In: 2021 IEEE 18TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE (ICSA), 2021, p. 126-137Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When designing complex automotive systems in practice, employed technologies and architectural decisions need to reflect business goals. While the software architecture community has acknowledged the need to align business goals with architectural decisions, there is a lack of practical approaches to achieve this alignment. In this paper, we intend to close this gap by providing a systematic approach for architecture-business alignment. The approach describes how to align architecture with business concerns by eliciting goals, identifying quality attributes, and deriving architectural tactics. We use design science research to iteratively develop and evaluate the approach together with an international automotive manufacturer. We show the application of the proposed approach within our participating company leveraging a use case related to software-over-the-air technologies. We conclude that the proposed approach is perceived as beneficial by our participants, since it provides a structured mechanism to align architecture and business goals by determining key architectural concerns as quality attributes and tactics.

  • 288.
    Bucchiarone, A.
    et al.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sanctis, M. D.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.
    Towards a domain specific language for engineering collective adaptive systems2017In: Proceedings - 2017 IEEE 2nd International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self* Systems, FAS*W 2017, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2017, p. 19-26Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Heterogeneous agents that cooperate to accomplish collective tasks constitute Collective Adaptive Systems (CAS). Engineering a CAS not only involves the definition of the individual agents, but also their roles in achieving a collective task and adaptation strategies to counteract to environmental changes. Current solutions for specifying CAS typically tackle the problem at a low level of abstraction (e.g., writing XML files), making this task time-consuming and error-prone. Moreover, such a low level of abstraction hinders the understandability of the specification. Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) proposes to reduce the complexity of development by adopting models as first class artifacts in the process. In this respect, this work proposes a MDE approach to enhance CAS specification. In particular, we introduce a domain-specific language (DSL) made-up of three main views: one devoted to adaptive systems design; one addressing ensembles definition; and one tackling the collective adaptation. These three separate aspects are woven seamlessly by the DSL to constitute a complete CAS design. While the different views allow us to exploit separation-of-concerns to reduce complexity and focus on a specific aspect of the system, facing CAS specification at a higher-level of abstraction permits to use concepts closer to the experts of the involved domains. Moreover, the precise definition of modeling concepts through corresponding meta-models enables correctness-by-construction of the system specification. 

  • 289.
    Bucchiarone, A.
    et al.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.
    Savary-Leblanc, M.
    University of Lille, Lille, France.
    Le Pallec, X.
    University of Lille, Lille, France.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Gérard, S.
    Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, Palaiseau, 91120, France.
    Bassanelli, S.
    University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
    Gini, F.
    University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
    Marconi, A.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.
    Gamifying model-based engineering: the PapyGame experience2023In: Software and Systems Modeling, ISSN 1619-1366, E-ISSN 1619-1374Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modeling is an essential and challenging activity in any engineering environment. It implies some hard-to-train skills such as abstraction and communication. Teachers, project leaders, and tool vendors have a hard time teaching or training their students, co-workers, or users. Gamification refers to the exploitation of gaming mechanisms for serious purposes, like promoting behavioral changes, soliciting participation and engagement in activities, etc. We investigate the introduction of gaming mechanisms in modeling tasks with the primary goal of supporting learning/training. The result has been the realization of a gamified modeling environment named PapyGame. In this article, we present the approach adopted for PapyGame implementation, the details on the gamification elements involved, and the derived conceptual architecture required for applying gamification in any modeling environment. Moreover, to demonstrate the benefits of using PapyGame for learning/training modeling, a set of user experience evaluations have been conducted. Correspondingly, we report the obtained results together with a set of future challenges we consider as critical to make gamified modeling a more effective education/training approach. 

  • 290.
    Bucchiarone, Antonio
    et al.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.
    Cicchetti, AntonioMälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.Ciccozzi, FedericoMälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.Pierantonio, AlfonsoUniversity of L’Aquila L’Aquila, Italy.
    Domain-Specific Languages in Practice with JetBrains MPS2021Collection (editor) (Other academic)
  • 291.
    Bucchiarone, Antonio
    et al.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.
    Cicchetti, Antonio
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    De Sanctis, Martina
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.
    CAStlE: A Tool for Collective Adaptive Systems Engineering2017In: Poster FAS*W, 2017, p. 385-386Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we propose CAStlE, a MDE approach to enhance Collective Adaptive System (CAS) specification. In particular, we introduce a domain-specific language (DSL) made-up of three main views: one devoted to adaptive systems design; one addressing ensembles definition; and one tackling the collective adaptation. These three separate aspects are woven seamlessly by the DSL to constitute a complete CAS design. Moreover, each of the defined views conveys the creation of a corresponding model editor, which allows for the three aspects of a CAS to be independently designed by CAStlE.

  • 292.
    Buemi, Francesco
    et al.
    Aitek S., Italy.
    Esposito, Mariana
    Ansaldo STS, Italy ; University of Naples ”Federico II”, Italy.
    Flammini, Francesco
    Ansaldo STS, Italy.
    Mazzocca, Nicola
    University of Naples ”Federico II”, Italy.
    Pragliola, Concetta
    Ansaldo STS, Italy.
    Spirito, Marcella
    Aitek S., Italy.
    Empty vehicle detection with video analytics2013In: Image Analysis and Processing – ICIAP 2013. ICIAP 2013, Springer , 2013, p. 731-739Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An important issue to be addressed in transit security, in particular for driverless metro, is the assurance that a vehicle is empty before it returns to the depot. Customer specifications in recent tenders require that an automatic empty vehicle detector is provided. That improves system security since it prevents voluntary (e.g. in case of thieves or graffiti makers) or involuntary (e.g. in case of drunk or unconscious people) access of unauthorized people to the depot and possibly to other restricted areas. Without automatic systems, a manual inspection of the vehicle should be performed, requiring considerable personnel effort and being prone to failure. To address the issue, we have developed a reliable empty vehicle detection system using video content analytics techniques and standard on-board cameras. The system can automatically check whether the vehicles have been cleared from passengers, thus supporting the security staff and central control operators in providing a higher level of security. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.

  • 293.
    Bujosa Mateu, Daniel
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Alvarez, Ines
    Univ Balearic Isl, Palma De Mallorca 07122, Spain..
    Proenza, Julian
    Univ Balearic Isl, Palma De Mallorca 07122, Spain..
    CSRP: An Enhanced Protocol for Consistent Reservation of Resources for AVB/TSN2021In: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, ISSN 1551-3203, E-ISSN 1941-0050, Vol. 17, no 5, p. 3640-3650Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The IEEE Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Task Group (TG) was created to provide Ethernet with soft real-time guarantees. Later on, the TG was renamed to Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and its scope broadened to support hard real-time and critical applications. The Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) is a key work of the TGs as it allows reserving resources in the network, guaranteeing the required quality of service. AVB's SRP is based on a distributed architecture, whereas TSN's is based on centralized ones. The distributed version of SRP is supported and used in TSN. Nevertheless, it was not designed to provide properties that are important for critical applications. In this article, we model SRP using UPPAAL and we study the termination and consistency. We verify that SRP does not provide such properties. Furthermore, we propose an improved protocol called Consistent Stream Reservation Protocol (CSRP) and we formally verify its correctness using UPPAAL.

  • 294.
    Bujosa Mateu, Daniel
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Papadopoulos, Alessandro
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Proenza, Julián
    Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain.
    Nolte, Thomas
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    LETRA: Mapping Legacy Ethernet-Based Traffic into TSN Traffic Classes2021In: 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA 2021, Västerås, Sweden: IEEE, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper proposes a method to efficiently map the legacy Ethernet-based traffic into Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) traffic classes considering different traffic characteristics. Traffic mapping is one of the essential steps for industries to gradually move towards TSN, which in turn significantly mitigates the management complexity of industrial communication systems. In this paper, we first identify the legacy Ethernet traffic characteristics and properties. Based on the legacy traffic characteristics we presented a mapping methodology to map them into different TSN traffic classes. We implemented the mapping method as a tool, named Legacy Ethernet-based Traffic Mapping Tool or LETRA, together with a TSN traffic scheduling and performed a set of evaluations on different synthetic networks. The results show that the proposed mapping method obtains up to 90% improvement in the schedulability ratio of the traffic compared to an intuitive mapping method on a multi-switch network architecture.

  • 295.
    Burgin, Mark
    et al.
    UCLA - University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
    Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    A Multiscale Taxonomy of Information in the World2020In: Theoretical Information Studies:: Information in the World / [ed] Mark Burgin and Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic, Singapore: World Scientific, 2020, p. 3-27Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    We construct a multiscale, multiaspect taxonomy of information. This taxonomy is a unified system of aspect taxonomies of information, the majority of which are developed by the authors while others are suggested by other researchers. Each aspect taxonomy reflects some aspect of information representing modes of this aspect. In such a way, information is represented in a multidimensional parametric space. This representation has several goals: to support conceptual analysis of information, allow better utilization of information in the domain of cognition, enable improvement of efficiency of information processing systems, such as search engines, and provide better methodological approaches to information.

  • 296.
    Burgin, Mark
    et al.
    UCLA - University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
    Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Introduction2020In: Theoretical Information Studies: Information in the World / [ed] Mark Burgin and Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic, Singapore: World Scientific, 2020Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Theoretical Information Studies is the second volume which together with Philosophy and Methodology of Information comprises a two-volume edition with the aim of laying out the foundation of the emerging research field of the Study of Information. It is based on the Summit “Digitalisation for a Sustainable Society” organized by the International Society for the Study of Information held in Gothenburg in 2017 (http://is4si-2017.org). This volume contains a selection of the best theoretical contributions from the Gothenburg summit, together with a number of invited contributions of leading contemporary researchers in the field of the Study of Information

  • 297.
    Burgin, Mark
    et al.
    UCLA - University of California, Los Angeles , USA.
    Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Modeling Computing Devices and Processes by Information Operators2020In: MDPI Proceedings, E-ISSN 2504-3900, Vol. 47, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 298.
    Burgin, Mark
    et al.
    UCLA - University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
    Dodig-Crnkovic, GordanaMälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Theoretical Information Studies: Information in the World2020Collection (editor) (Other academic)
  • 299.
    Burgueño, Loli
    et al.
    UOC, Barcelona, Spain.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Famelis, Michalis
    Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
    Kappel, Gerti
    CDPTU Wien,Vienna, Austria.
    Lambers, Leen
    Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Potsdam, Germany.
    Mosser, Sebastien
    UQAM Montreal, Canada.
    Paige, Richard F.
    McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
    Pierantonio, Alfonso
    University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy.
    Rensink, Arend
    University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
    Salay, Rick
    University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
    Taentzer, Gabriele
    Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
    Vallecillo, Antonio
    Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
    Wimmer, Manuel
    JKU Linz, Linz, Austria.
    Contents for a Model-Based Software Engineering Body of Knowledge2019In: Software and Systems Modeling, ISSN 1619-1366, E-ISSN 1619-1374, Vol. 18, no 6, p. 3193-3205Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although Model-Based Software Engineering (MBE) is a widely accepted Software Engineering (SE) discipline, no agreed upon core set of concepts and practices (i.e., a Body of Knowledge) has been defined for it yet. With the goals of characterizing the contents of the MBE discipline, promoting a global consistent view of it, clarifying its scope with regard to other SE disciplines, and defining a foundation for the development of educational curricula on MBE, this paper proposes the contents for a Body of Knowledge for MBE. We also describe the methodology that we have used to come up with the proposed list of contents, as well as the results of a survey study that we conducted to sound out the opinion of the community on the importance of the proposed topics and their level of coverage in existing SE curricula.

  • 300.
    Bygde, Stefan
    Mälardalen University, Department of Computer Science and Electronics.
    Analysis of Arithmetical Congruences on Low-Level Code2007Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract Interpretation is a well known formal framework for abstracting programming language semantics. It provides a systematic way of building static analyses which can be used for optimisation and debugging purposes. Different semantic properties can be captured by so-called abstract domains which then easily can be combined in various ways to yield more precise analyses. The most known abstract domain is probably the one of intervals. An analysis using the interval domain yields bindings of each integer-valued program variable to an interval at each program point. The interval is the smallest interval that contains the set of integers possible for that particular variable to assume at that program point during execution. Abstract interpretation can be used in many contexts, such as in debugging, program transformation, correctness proving, Worst Case Execution Time analysis etc.

    In 1989 Philippe Granger introduced a static analysis of arithmetical congruences. The analysis is formulated as an abstract interpretation computing the smallest (wrt. inclusion) congruence (residue) class that includes the set of possible values that that variable may assume during execution. The result of the analysis is a binding of each integer-valued variable at each program point to a congruence class. Applications for this analysis include automatic vectorisation, pointer analysis (for determining pointer strides) and loop-bound analysis (for detecting loops with non-unit strides). However, in the original presentation, the analysis is not well suited to use on realistic low-level code. By low-level code we mean either compiled and linked object code where high-level constructions has been replaced with target-specific assembly code, or code in a higher-level language written in a fashion close to the hardware. A good example of low-level code is code written for embedded systems which often is using advantages of the target hardware and/or using a lot of bit-level operations. Code for embedded systems is an increasingly important target for analysis, since it is often safety-critical. The reason that the congruence domain in its original presentation is not suitable for low-level code is mainly due to the three following properties of low-level code: A) Bit-level operations are commonly used in low-level code. Programs that contain bit-operations are not supported in the original presentation. For any computation of an expression which contain operations that has not been defined in the analysis, it has to assume that nothing is known about the result and assign the result to the largest congruence class (equal to Z). This can potentially lead to very imprecise analysis results.

    B) The interpretation of the values of integer-valued variables is not obvious (e.g. they can be signed or unsigned), the original presentation assumes that values has unambiguous representations. C) The value-domain is limited by its representation (integers are often represented by a fixed number of bits). In Grangers presentation integer-valued variables are assumed to take values in the infinite set of integers. Our contribution is to extend the theory of the analysis of arithmetical congruences to be able to handle low-level or assembly code, still in the framework of abstract interpretation.

    This paper provides accurate definitions to the abstract bit-operations AND,NOT,XOR, left- and right shifting and truncation for the congruence domain in order to make the domain support these operations. We provide definitions for the operations together with proofs of their correctness. In these definitions care has been taken to the finite, fixed representation of integers as well as their sometimes ambiguous interpretations as signed or unsigned. With these definitions, congruence analysis can efficiently be performed on low-level code. The paper illustrates the usefulness of the new analysis by an example which shows that variables keep important parity information after executing a XOR-swap.

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