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  • 1.
    Eriksson, Maria
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Näsman, Elisabet
    Röbäck de Souza, Karin
    Taking children exposed to intimate partner violence seriously?: Developments in BBIC from 2006 to 20152016Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    To improve child protection investigations the framework for assessment ”BBIC – Barns Behov I Centrum” [Children’s needs in the centre] was introduced in Sweden just after the new millennium, with the first full training resource published in 2006. There is a lack of research in Sweden about child protection work in cases of intimate partner violence generally and as regards BBIC specifically. However, a number of different sources indicate that there is a need for improvement of the BBIC system when it comes to this group of children at risk. For example, the national inspections of the local authorities’ work with abused women and children exposed to intimate partner violence carried out so far point to serious problems in child protection practice. Since BBIC was introduced the system has been amended and revised several times. A major revision was carried out in 2015. An important question is what these revisions may mean for the handling of cases of intimate partner violence. The aim of the paper is to map and assess how the issue of children’s exposure to violence has been addressed in the different versions of BBIC between 2006 and 2015. Surveying training resources and other documents from the last decade, we outline how there has been a gradual and partial inclusion of the issue of children’s exposure to violence over time, and discuss to what extent these amendments constitute a shift in perspective and emphasis major enough to be likely to impact positively on practice.

  • 2.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    A Cry for Care But not Justice: Embodied Vulnerabilities and the Moral Economy of Child Welfare2020In: Affilia, ISSN 0886-1099, E-ISSN 1552-3020, Vol. 35, no 2, p. 231-245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study explores the pivotal role of the body for political recognition and rights claims in child welfare “moral” interventions. I examine how the bodily figures in child welfare assessments, linking these manifestations to the concept of the moral economy of care. A sample of assessment reports from a Swedish municipality, all addressing violations of children’s bodies or integrity, are used as empirical material. I show how the psychosomatically suffering child is being best “heard” as vulnerable. I also argue that such a moral economy of care silences children’s accounts of gendered and racial injustices. Furthermore, racialized moral divides are indicated when assessments of different child bodies are considered. A concluding remark points to a need for a child welfare moral economy of social justice that responds to structural intersecting injustices in childhoods, including to those of a racialized child welfare and its individualized and symptom-oriented services.

  • 3.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare. Malardalen Univ, Eskilstuna, Sweden..
    Amoral, im/moral and dis/loyal: Children's moral status in child welfare2017In: Childhood, ISSN 0907-5682, E-ISSN 1461-7013, Vol. 24, no 4, p. 470-484Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article is a discursive examination of children's status as knowledgeable moral agents within the Swedish child welfare system and in the widely used assessment framework BBIC. Departing from Fricker's concept of epistemic injustice, three discursive positions of children's moral status are identified: amoral, im/moral and dis/loyal. The findings show the undoubtedly moral child as largely missing and children's agency as diminished, deviant or rendered ambiguous. Epistemic injustice applies particularly to disadvantaged children with difficult experiences who run the risk of being othered, or positioned as reproducing or accommodating to the very same social problems they may be victimised by.

  • 4.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Barns Behov i Centrum: Ett Ramverk med Barns Kunskap i Fokus?2016Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    Children’s Needs in Focus: A Framework with Children’s Knowledge in Focus? 

    There are different frameworks for risk and needs assessment that can be used by social workers in child welfare in encounters with children who are in risk of suffering significant harm. BBIC, which is the Swedish abbreviation for ‘Children’s Needs in Focus’ is widely used in the context of Swedish child protection system. BBIC is a modified version of the Integrated Children’s System from the United Kingdom that has been adapted to Swedish conditions, legislation and practice.

    In this presentation, I will give an overview of my PhD project which focuses on BBIC in relation to children who are exposed to violence in intimate relationships. I present a critical analysis of BBIC by mapping out different knowledge cultures; the ‘evidence-based’ scientific knowledge that BBIC is based upon, and some explanation models from the field of violence research and practice. I discuss how particular explanation models about violence in intimate relationships also give different accounts about children and violence. This will be linked to a discussion about what status is granted children’s ‘opinions’ and children as knowledgeable agents in this complex context. Using posters from Operation Kvinnofrid, a campaign against men’s violence against women as an example, I illustrate the knowledges and explanations that are part of the BBIC-frame, as well as those that fall outside. 

  • 5.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare. Division of Social Work.
    Child (Bio)Welfare and Beyond: Intersecting Injustices in Childhoods and Swedish Child Welfare2020Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The current thesis discusses how tools for analysing power are developed predominately for adults, and thus remain underdeveloped in terms of understanding injustices related to age, ethnicity/race and gender in childhoods. The overall ambition of this dissertation is to inscribe a discourse of intersecting social injustices as relevant for childhoods and child welfare, and by interlinking postcolonial, feminist, and critical childhood studies. The dissertation is set empirically within the policy and practice of Swedish child welfare, here exemplified by the assessment framework Barns Behov i Centrum (BBIC). It aims to explore how Swedish child welfare, as a field of knowledge, modes of knowing and knowing subjects, constitutes an arena for claims and responses to intersecting social justice issues.

    The material consists of BBIC primers and selected samples from, a total of 283 case reports from a Swedish social service agency. The case reports address assessments of children (0­­–12 years of age). This dissertation is based on four qualitative studies using discourse analysis, as well as analysis inspired by thematic and case-study methodology. Two studies focus on child welfare discourses in BBIC documents involving social problems and violence, and two studies are based on child welfare case reports.

    Studies I­­-II address child welfare policy and practice by analysing the conditions required for children to participate, in terms of children’s moral status and in terms of status of ‘evidencing’ needs for protection. Studies III­­-IV explore this further from the perspective of intersecting and embodied social injustices in childhoods. Together, the studies interconnect child welfare as a field of knowledge, modes of knowing and knowers with child welfare as a moral arena for claims to rights, recognition, and social justice.

    The synthesised findings point to child biowelfare, in which justice discourses are largely absent. Biowelfare is informed by a mode of knowing and ‘evidencing’ risks to children’s health and development, which are confined to scientific predicting-believing, seeing-believing by professionals and a moral economy of care, all of which constrain the idea that injustices are structural and intersecting. Biowelfare primarily responds to children as ‘speaking’ biological bodies, rather than as voices of justice. In this sense, injustices of an epistemological nature are interconnected with social injustices. When issues of justice are mobilised in case reports and policy, they come across as rather ‘unjust’, primarily confined to the sphere of the family home of racialised children and not connected to ‘general’ children. In addition to intersections of age, ethnicity/race and gender, class and health are fundamental to recognition and protection in biowelfare. Finally, the dissertation indicates the need for a moral economy which responds to intersecting social injustices such as racial, gender-based and ageist violence in childhoods, and violations of children’s bodily integrity.

    Key words: biowelfare, child protection, child welfare, critical childhood studies, critical social work, embodiment, epistemic injustice, epistemology, feminist theory, intersectionality, justice subjectivity, moral economy, moral subjectivity, participation, postcolonial theory, poststructural social work, social justice, violence

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  • 6.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Children Exposed to Violence in a Cross-Cultural ‘Translation’ between Child Welfare Assessment Models - From British ICS to Swedish BBIC2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim

    This paper discusses the ‘translation’ of a child welfare assessment model from the English Child Integrated System ICS to a Swedish counterpart, BBIC (abbreviation for Children’s Needs in Focus). The focus is on the discursively produced knowledge on violence in intimate relationships in the context of child welfare assessments.

    Background

    BBIC is a conceptual risk and needs framework and a modified version of the English ICS that has been adapted to ‘Swedish conditions’, legislation and practice. The study examines this geopolitical ‘translation’ from one system to another looking at how these modifications can be understood in relation to what is often regarded as a cross-cultural phenomenon: (children at risk of) domestic violence. Using the concept of translatability, the paper critically explores the ‘universal’ claims regarding risk, violence and security that remain through the translation process and what knowledge and assumptions that are possible to incorporate, adapt to or even abandon altogether. 

    Method

    Discourse analysis is used as analytical framework with which evaluations, reports and research linked to BBIC and ICS are analysed.

    Findings

    The analysis of this research addresses risk assessment approaches in the context of child welfare systems and the prevailing understandings of violence in intimate relationships they generate, as well as those that are open up for contestation when children are in focus of analysis. 

    Conclusion

    Multifaceted approaches across disciplines, cultures as well as a merging of theory and practice are commonly advocated approaches towards complex social problems. The analysis indicates what is considered to be legitimate evidence-based practice in these contexts and what kind of understandings of domestic violence are generated in the context of child welfare assessments. 

  • 7.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Re/considering the Comparative - Child protection and Epistemic Cultures: The Case of Swedish BBIC2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper discusses the knowledge transmission from the English Integrated Children’s System to Swedish BBIC, ‘Children’s Needs in Focus’, in the light of comparative approaches towards child welfare, contemporary advocacy for cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural approaches, and the emphasis on knowledge-based social work. The focus is on the conceptual framework of risk assessments in the context of the Swedish child protection system. The purpose is to critically assess children’s epistemic position in these complex processes of knowledge distribution. 

    Discourse analysis is used as a framework for analysis of evaluations, reports and research linked to BBIC and ICS. With the concept epistemic culture, I look more closely at knowledge production and what is included in the realm of ‘evidence’ and research, as well as what is considered to be knowledge-based social work. Such an approach allows for analyses of epistemic cultures that are not necessarily confined to space and instead are widespread and distributed in line with other logics. 

    Preliminary findings indicate how a knowledge transfer serve as a knowledge-legitimizing practice which in many ways exemplifies a homogenization of two geopolitically distinct contexts. From this point of view, BBIC and ICS are tightly interlinked and may be seen as parts of one and the same epistemic culture, similar epistemologies and ontologies of childhood, as well as its epistemic subjects and objects of knowledge. What becomes comparative not only links the two systems’ assumptions of the universal but comparison in itself becomes a legitimizing practice. 

    This paper suggests the importance of going beyond conventional comparative welfare approaches and pay more critical attention to epistemic cultures, a fields’ scientific communities, and disciplinary boundaries when trying to understand contemporary social work.

  • 8.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Speaking Bodies – Silenced Voices: Child Protection and the Knowledge Culture of ‘Evidencing’2021In: Global Studies of Childhood, E-ISSN 2043-6106, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 252-264Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using the metaphors body and voice and drawing on critical contributions on biopolitics, this article interrogates children’s participation rights in a knowledge culture of ‘evidencing’. With child welfare and protection practice as an empirical example, I analyse written assessment reports from a Swedish child welfare agency, all exemplifying how social workers evidence needs for protection and reasons for removing children from the home. I discuss how ‘evidencing’ equals a knowledge culture of seeing-believing and predicting-believing and the search for visibly damaged bodies and underdeveloped minds. I furthermore problematise how such conceptualisation of evidencing foregrounds children’s ‘speaking’ bodies while silencing their voices. By showing these manifestations of evidencing, this critical contribution discusses some wider epistemic concerns for fields influenced by the knowledge cultures of ‘the evidence-based’.

  • 9.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Speaking Bodies – Silenced Voices: Children’s Embodied Vulnerabilities and the Moral Economies of Child Welfare2018In: Social Work and Solidarity: In Search of New Paradigms / [ed] TISSA, The International Social Work & Society Academy, 2018Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    Whether on the basis of embodied categories such as race or gender, or through diagnoses and suffering bodies, the body is said to constitute the political battleground for social in- and exclusion. This study is inspired methodologically by moral anthropological approaches and draws on scholarship that foregrounds the pivotal role of the body for political recognition and rights claims in humanitarian and other ‘moral’ interventions. I examine two analytically separated moral economies, the moral economy of care versus justice, as they manifest in child welfare responses to bodily vulnerability. A sample of investigations from a Swedish municipality, all addressing violations of children’s bodies or integrity, are used as empirical material. The article shows the objectified psychosomatically damaged bodies being best ‘heard’ as vulnerable. I argue that in such a moral economy of care, children’s accounts of racial and gendered injustices are silenced. Furthermore, a differentiation in the moralities mobilised when different child bodies are addressed suggests that a version of a moral economy of justice, i.e. a juridical moral response, is being used in unjust ways that reproduce racialized othering while leaving institutional racism without response. While central for a critical social work, equality, social justice and rights issues are downplayed in assessments, and largely lack corresponding welfare measures. A concluding remark is a need of a radical shift within social policy towards structural power perspectives which would not only require a re-thinking of vulnerability but also the role of child welfare itself and its individualised services.

  • 10.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare. Röda Korset; Lunds Universitet .
    ”... så kommer vi att arbeta till döddagar”: Kartläggning och analys av verksamheter vid våld i nära relationer i Malmö stad2009Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna kartläggning ger en översiktlig bild av hur arbetet avseende våld i närarelationer ser ut idag i Malmö stad. Kartläggningen har gjorts på uppdrag av frivilligorganisationen Röda Korset i Region Syd i syfte att skapa ett underlag för framtida verksamheter med inriktning på våld i nära relationer. Materialet baseras huvudsakligen på ett brett urval av verksamheter som på olika sätt knyter an till detta samhällsproblem. Materialinsamlingen utgörs av besvarade frågeformulär och verksamheternas eget informationsmaterial, vilket i ett senare skede har analyserats ur ett genus- och intersektionalitetsperspektiv. Analysen går ut på att fånga upp såväl det specifika som det mer generella med detta arbete samt ge en belysning av de begräsningar som de befintliga insatserna skapar. Resultatet visar att de befintliga insatserna är omfattande men också att perspektivet på våld i nära relationer som problem skiftar mellan verksamheterna. 

    Förutom att ta detta samhällsproblem på allvar och sätta sitt namn på kartan i relation till arbetet mot våld i nära relationer finns det mycket kvar som Röda Korset kan bidra med. Detta gäller i synnerhet de målgrupper som fortfarande är relativt osynliggjorda. Som jag visar förutsätter ett mer inkluderande angreppssätt också att hitta nya vägar och metoder i arbetet mot detta samhällsproblem.

  • 11.
    Knezevic, Zlatana
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare. Stockholm University.
    Eriksson, Maria
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Sweden.
    Heikkilä, Mia
    Åbo Akademi University, Finland.
    De/gendering Violence and Racialising Blame in Swedish Child Welfare – What Has Childhood Got to Do with It?2023In: Journal of Gender-Based Violence, ISSN 2398-6808, Vol. 50, article id 112092Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article is a critical interrogation of how gender and power figure in Swedish child welfare policy and the discourses on violence in intimate relationships vis-à-vis children exposed to violence. Drawing on feminist violence research, critical childhood studies, and intersectional perspectives, we identify a differentiation with racialised undertones in the understanding of violence as a social problem when related to children’s exposure. While predominately gender-neutral discourses of social heredity and epidemiology run through the material for the seemingly ‘universal’ child, forms of violence ascribed to the presumed cultural Others link to gender, structural power, and sexuality. The article concludes that gendered articulations of violence are restricted yet pivotal if children’s exposure is to be linked to issues of inequality and power. However, when gendering interlinks with racialisation, problematic differentiations of violence, childhoods, and children are produced.

  • 12. Knezevic, Zlatana
    et al.
    Nikupeteri, Anna
    Univ Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland..
    Laitinen, Merja
    Univ Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland..
    Kallinen, Kati
    Univ Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland..
    Gender- and power sensitivity, securitisation and social peace: rethinking protection for children exposed to post-separation violence2022In: JOURNAL OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE, ISSN 2398-6808, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 99-114Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article offers a rethinking of protection based on synthesised data from Finland and Sweden on children's and mothers' experiences of post-separation stalking, and social workers' case reports on children risking exposure to gender-based violence after separation. Drawing on critical childhood studies and a feminist approach to violence and security, we ask how children's everyday lives can be incorporated in a rethinking of protection for children in post-separation contexts. Departing from identified limitations in protective solutions for children, we propose three ways of rethinking the issue of protection: (1) protection as gender- and power sensitivity, (2) protection as securitising the here and now, and (3) protection as social peace. Our findings call for some changes in professional practices, social policy and legislation.

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