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  • 1.
    Henrich, Annika
    et al.
    Mälardalen University.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Jackson, Mats
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Reflective practice in design thinking, learning and performing product and process development2012In: NordDesign 2012 - Proceedings of the 9th NordDesign Conference, Center for Industrial Production, Aalborg University and Design Society, University of Strathclyde , 2012, article id 158895Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Jackson, Mats
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Ekman, Sten
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Wiktorsson, Magnus
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Innovation and Design Inspired Product Realization2009In: DS 58-3: Proceedings of ICED 09, the 17th International Conference on Engineering Design, Stanford, 2009, p. 263-274Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

     Long term growth and future jobs in society rely on that industry is able to realize new sustainable product ideas and develop these to profitable products in the market. This encompasses both short time-to-market and continuous development and adaption of existing products and processes to improve productivity. Innovative skills are required in both product/service development and in product/service introduction. Thus, there is a need for new innovative methods and models that supports and strengthens industry in generating new ideas and realizing these into successful products and improved processes. This paper discusses and compares engineering design, innovation, and design. The paper argues that there is a need to integrate the disciplines and work practices of innovation and design in the engineering design field and to build multi-disciplinary environments to be successful in research, education and in industry. A conceptual framework for innovation and design inspired product realization is presented in the paper. 

  • 3.
    Møller Nielsen, L.
    et al.
    Aalborg University, Denmark .
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Tollestrup, C.
    Aalborg University, Denmark .
    Design based entrepreneurship2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Designers are often recognized as natural entrepreneurs, due to their creative skills and competences in the idea-generation and product development processes. A number of studies shows that creative professionals are more likely to become self-employed. In general though, there are not many studies on design entrepreneurs, and those who has been made, focus on design entrepreneurs' lack business competences in administration, marketing and operation, as well as their lack of skills and priority, when it comes to the development of their businesses. This study will nuance this picture of the design entrepreneur by building upon a new direction within entrepreneurial research, which focuses on entrepreneurial expertise and logic. At a theoretical level, we will show that there are some overlap between the expert entrepreneurial logic (effectuation) and the 'designerly ways of knowing and doing'. We review three cases with novice design entrepreneurs, where we have been able to identify examples of the novice design entrepreneurs using 'effectual logic'. The examples are described and analysed using Sarasvathys 5 principles, showing that 3 of 5 principles are found in the cases.

  • 4.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    A Design Process Based on Visualization2010Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The global market of today is tough and the competition between companies demands new ways of developing products and services. The current challenge for the design research community is to provide designers with a wider range of methods and tools to support specific activities within the design process and to improve its overall coordination.

    It is uncertain whether problem-solving alone can be the tool for developing even simple products or services, as we are less open to the variety of opportunities that arise in the process. When approaching a problem, the cognitive mindset demanded to solve the problem differs from that required when searching for opportunities in creating something completely new. This emphasizes the importance of design thinking, using tools and methods for conducting Human Centered Design (HCD), empathy, and intuition along with the use of visualization.

    By focusing on the creative process and the use of sketches or models, this research will explore the possibility to develop tools and methods for conducting NPD projects in a more efficient, effective way.

    This research provides a prescriptive model of using visualization in New Product Development (NPD). This model is a result of clarifying the problem, understanding the factors that affect the problem and the development of support and a solution for implementing the model in industry. The model works as a supportive tool for project teams and guidelines for management.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 5.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    A Reference Model For Using Visualization Within Product Realization Projects2009In: ICED 09 - THE 17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING DESIGN, VOL 1: DESIGN PROCESSES, Stanford, USA: Design Society , 2009, p. 399-409Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a need to develop and implement new innovative methods and models that will support and strengthen SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises) to generate new ideas and realize these into successful products and improved processes. The use of visualization (in the early stages) in the innovation process is the focus in this research. The current understanding of the situation within visualization for innovation is that it is important to use visualization but few have a developed approach in how. However there are some examples in how visualization is an active part within the innovation process. IDEO and Decathlon are examples of companies that use visualization in a strategic and structured way. This paper presents a reference model on how visualization can be used within an innovation process. The model will look in to the existing situation, and highlight the problem that is relevant in this research topic. The model will also point out the factors that are most suitable to take in to consideration when improving the situation.

  • 6.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Building bridges for increased innovation capability2023In: Changing the Dynamics and Impact of Innovation Management: A Systems Approach and the ISO Standard / [ed] Joanne Hyland, Magnus Karlsson, Ingrid Kihlander, John Bessant, Mats Magnusson, Jimmi Kristiansen, London: World Scientific, 2023Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter describes and analyses the development of an Innovation Management System (IMS) at Kanthal — a world-leading brand for products and services in industrial heating technology and resistance materials, based in Sweden. The journey began with late-night thoughts and discussions by the coffee maker on leveraging the organisation’s potential regarding innovation capability. There was a feeling that an improvement could be made. In 2017, Process Industrial IT and Automation (PiiA), part of Sweden’s Strategic Innovation Program, launched a research project to understand the innovation capability within the Swedish process industry. Kanthal joined, and the journey started with the implementation of a programme for increased innovation capability. The assessment revealed a focus on incremental innovation, barriers in the climate for innovation, and an inability to take advantage of the expertise and competencies available in the organisation. While this journey started before releasing the ISO 56002 innovation management standard, these insights align well with this standard.

  • 7.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Exploring Preconditions for Implementing an Innovation Management System2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study explores the need to establish a comprehensive system for innovation management within organizations to enhance their innovation capability. While the public sector's emphasis on quality management it can limit exploratory approaches within the organization. The traditional model of quality management needs to be augmented with an innovation culture and practices to promote innovation in public sector organizations. The study describes a process of connecting theory alongside with the principles and elements of the ISO56000-series with an organization's preconditions for innovation and their way towards an Innovation Management System (IMS). This process can help create a common language for innovation within an organization and inspire ways to implement an IMS from an inside-out perspective. The research involved a series of seminars and workshops on different areas of innovation management, which resulted in the identification of five aggregated dimensions.

  • 8.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    idPeo a Multidisciplinary Approach to Innovative Product RealizationConference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The need for effectiveness and efficiency in product development is increasing and learning organizations need to deliver knowledge and people with the right mindset to society. IdPeo is a suggested model to support innovative product realization. The model focuses on a collaborative approach of needed expertise knowledge, key activities, and decisions.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 9.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    idPeo a Multidisciplinary Approach to Innovative ProductRealization2008In:  , Turin, Italy: UPA Europe , 2008Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The need for effectiveness and efficiency in product development is increasing and learning organizations need to deliver knowledge and people with the right mindset to society. IdPeo is a suggested model to support innovative product realization. The model focuses on a collaborative approach of needed expertise knowledge, key activities, and decisions.

  • 10.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Storyboarding: Framing and Reframing Opportunities in the Front-Front end of Innovation2013Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This research proposes that design and visual thinking in combination with narrative theory contribute to enhance knowledge of innovation processes and support managers in their work. In particular, the focus is on the use of Storyboarding to support a better definition of a project’s brief. Innovation studies have shown that the initial phases of innovation processes (typically called the “front end of innovation”) are crucial for success. A proper definition of a brief, that occurs at the front of the front end, is therefore one of the most relevant events in innovation. This study investigates the early phases of innovation by developing and evaluating a new method for developing a brief.

    First, an explorative approach has been used in order to develop knowledge of challenges in the front end of innovation and how design thinking, visual thinking and narratives can bring new insights in teamwork. In this explorative search the use of case studies has been employed. Then, the explorative search has focused onthe use of Storyboarding as a tool for reflection, and in particular for igniting dynamics of framing and reframing of innovation problems. Finally, in order to create a deeper knowledge in the use of storyboarding three hypotheses has been evaluated, four experiments has been conducted with the involvement of more than 60 people defining innovation briefs. In these experiments, storyboarding (visual and narrative) has been used to support “thinking” that leads to the brief. In other words, storyboarding has been seen as a process to enable innovation teams to think differently or more precisely, rather than just a tool to represent or to communicate the brief. The experiments show that using storyboarding has effects that can support innovation management. First, storyboarding is useful if management wants to “stimulate” a reflection on meaning when developing a brief, i.e. when they want an innovation team to consider both utilitarian and emotional/symbolic factors in an innovation process. Second, Storyboarding brings a narrower focus, compared to traditional written briefs, within the “area of interest” brought up by management, which sometimes may be asked for when the organization is in search for reframing the direction of innovation.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 11.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Visualization – a Catalyst for Creativity in New Product Development (NPD)2010In: DS 66-2: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Design Creativity, ICDC 2010, Design Society , 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a keen need for research within the area of product development. The use of visualizations in the development process, especially, is often unstructured and ad hoc. By focusing on the creative process and the use of sketches and external representation, it is possible to develop better tools and methods for realizing new products in a more efficient, effective way. By increasing knowledge regarding the positive creative effects of using different rendering types when developing new products and learning when to use those types, one could consider developing the entire New Product Development (NPD) process. A model for creative use of visualization within NPD projects will be presented and advocated.

  • 12.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Andersson Schaeffer, Jennie
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Öberg, Åsa
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Eriksson, Yvonne
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    The Use of Storyboard to Capture Experience2011In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED11), Vol. 10: Impacting Society Through Engineering Design, Design Society , 2011, p. 331-340Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Today, product realization is becoming more squeezed in time and the need to capture experience from previous projects is an important factor for being successful in developing new products and services. This paper aims to investigate the use of storyboard to highlight earlier experiences from a narrative theory perspective and in relation to contemporary cognitive theories regarding how external representations facilitate collaborative work. This paper will discuss and come up with suggestions as to why storyboard can be a supportive method through the use of narrative theories. One of the objectives of the actual research project is to assist industry in developing strategies and methods to capture “lessons learned” in previous projects and use earlier experiences to avoid repeating mistakes. This will then release working capacity to be used for creativity and innovations instead. The conclusion of the paper presents storyboard as a supportive method for capturing earlier experience from a product realization project. It also argues that it is valid to borrow the concept focalizer from narrative theory.

  • 13.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Axelsson, Karin
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Organizing for Exploring Complex Problems in Public Sector2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The complexity of societal challenges cannot be solved in traditional settings in the public sector it demands co-creation of innovation. However, the current focus in these organizations is to solve these challenges with efficiency and increase productivity. Therefore, an increase in how innovation management can support this transition and explore new possibilities within these challenges is needed, as also how to co-create innovation in-between organizations. A new way of organizing system for these complex problems in the public sector is set up with three public organizations in Sweden. In this study, we are co-creating an innovation management system to guide and maneuver innovation in complex settings. We are using the new ISO standard for innovation management system as a guiding framework, building knowledge on how the standard can be used when developing a new organizing system to explore complex societal challenges in co-creation between three public organizations.

  • 14.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Berglund, Karin
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    A Narrative Approach Towards Understanding Innovation2011In: Proceedings of 18th International Product Development Management Conference, 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Everskog, A
    Forsberg Wallin, A
    Hyltefors, M
    Larsen, S
    Verganti, R
    Storyboarding: Framing the “frame” of opportunity2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The design brief is commonly a written description of a scope for a design problem that requires some kind of visual design. The exploration of opportunities before formulating the design brief results in framing and reframing the problem to create a common shared understanding of the problem. In this paper the applicability of Storyboard, the actual making of the storyboard, and its values to the front-front end of innovation is examined. Experiments has been performed in order to test three hypotheses and validate the results, in total four experiments was performed consisting of 25 teams developing 17 concepts. The three hypotheses focus, regarding type of innovation, scope and level of ambiguity, creates understanding of the values storyboarding can add with regards to framing opportunity for innovation in the front-front end of innovation. The result shows that storyboarding contribute to a narrow focus in creating the brief. Regarding the innovation type the hypothesis could not be confirmed, but storyboarding enables a reflection on both meaning and function. There were also some indications on ambiguity in the brief, but this hypothesis was not confirmed.

  • 16.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Everskog, Amanda
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Forsberg Wallin, Amanda
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Hyltefors, Maja
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Larsen, Sofie
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Verganti, Roberto
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Storyboarding - Framing the "frame" of opportunity2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The design brief is commonly a written description of a scope for a design problem that requires some kind of visual design. The exploration of opportunities before formulating the design brief results in framing and reframing the problem to create a common shared understanding of the problem. In this paper the applicability of Storyboard, the actual making of the storyboard, and its values to the front-front end of innovation is examined. Experiments has been performed in order to test three hypotheses and validate the results, in total four experiments was performed consisting of 25 teams developing 17 concepts. The three hypotheses focus, regarding type of innovation, scope and level of ambiguity, creates understanding of the values storyboarding can add with regards to framing opportunity for innovation in the front-front end of innovation. The result shows that storyboarding contribute to a narrow focus in creating the brief. Regarding the innovation type the hypothesis could not be confirmed, but storyboarding enables a reflection on both meaning and function. There were also some indications on ambiguity in the brief, but this hypothesis was not confirmed.© 2013 The Design Society.

  • 17.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Granlund, Anna
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Critical factors promoting design thinking in courses for engineering students2023In: Bidrag från den 9:e utvecklingskonferensen för Sveriges ingenjörsutbildningar / [ed] Midemalm, Joel Mälardalens universitet, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, Utbildningsvetenskap och Matematik. Vadiee, Amir Mälardalens universitet, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, Framtidens energi. ORCID-id: 0000-0001-9426-4792 Uhlemann, Elisabeth Mälardalens universitet, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system. ORCID-id: 0000-0001-6497-4099 Georgsson, Fredrik Umeå universitet, Sweden., Västerås: Mälardalens universitet, 2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the rapidly evolving technological landscape, innovation emerges as a pivotal force, significantly rooted in the initial phases of the design and realization process. "Critical factors promoting design thinking in courses for engineering students" explores the cardinal role of design thinking in engineering education, juxtaposing it against the contemporary demands of society and innovation processes. Despite the ubiquity and acknowledgment of innovation and design competencies in academia and industry, a discernible gap persists in engineering education, particularly in instilling robust design thinking principles in future engineers. This paper seeks to identify and analyze the critical factors that promote and impede the incorporation of design thinking into engineering courses. As we move forward, it is imperative to continually assess and refine what is needed from educators to ensure that the future generation of engineers is well-equipped to use their knowledge in collaborative multidisciplinary teams in society and tackle the complex challenges of tomorrow. And thereby enhancing the engineering profession with readiness and adaptability in a dynamic professional environment where design thinking plays an important role.

  • 18.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Heath, Carl
    RISE, Research Institute of Sweden.
    MANEUVERING SPACES. POLITICIANS AS ENABLERS FOR MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPALITY INNOVATION2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper highlights the challenges faced by managers in the public sector, such as bureaucracy, risk aversion, and rigid organizational structures. It emphasizes the importance of balancing exploitation and exploration to achieve innovation in municipalities. The research objectives center around understanding the maneuvering spaces created by politicians and senior managers in six municipalities and gaining a deeper understanding of innovation in these contexts. Through the analysis of the interviews, the paper reveals dissimilarities and similarities in behaviors and attitudes between senior managers and politicians in different municipalities. It specifically discusses how politicians' behaviors can hinder or enable exploration and influence the ability to deliver long-term sustainable outcomes. The findings contribute to the understanding of innovation management in municipalities by identifying factors that facilitate or constrain exploration. Overall, this research offers valuable insights into innovation management in the public sector, particularly within municipalities. It provides practical implications for practitioners aiming to foster innovation and highlights the importance of addressing challenges related to bureaucracy, risk aversion, and organizational structures to create an environment conducive to innovation. 

  • 19.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Jackson, Mats
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Demystifying Innovation and Design - the Importanze of Visualization in Ideation and Conceptual Design2012In: Proceedings of DESIGN 2012, the 12th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia, vol. 1, 2012, p. 1627-1635Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper will discuss how design and design thinking can contribute to an innovative development process in a conscious, controlled, and cost effective way. The subject will be reviewed from a theoretical and a practical point of view. In order to analyse and build an understanding of the design thinking phenomenon in practice, the paper will analyse a case study based on interviews at IDEO, a company successful in its work with innovative development using design thinking and comparing this with generic success factors and Schön’s paradigm of the reflective practice.

  • 20.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Jackson, Mats
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Visualization in Reflective Practice - Support for Management2012In: Design Management Journal, ISSN 1045-7194, Vol. 7, no 1, p. 62-73Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 21.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Verganti, Roberto
    Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy .
    Exploring storyboarding in prebrief activities2013In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED: Volume 7 DS75-07, 2013,, 2013, p. 11-20Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Creating ideas is no longer seen as a challenge within companies, creative sessions and brainstorming is widespread in most companies. However, when creating a design brief there is a lack of tools and methods finding problems and framing situations of interest. This paper examines the characteristics of storyboarding, the making of the storyboard, in pre-brief activities. In an explorative study 54 teams participating in an idea development workshop is analyzed. The workshop was developed using theories from design, visual thinking and narrative, using visual tools in every step with a focus on framing a situation of interest. This study provides an initial understanding of storyboarding in a new area and tentatively suggests that storyboarding stimulate creativity and reflection on emotions in the situation of interest. It also seems like storyboarding stimulates teams in organizing and discussing raw data widely. Storyboarding seems promising as a method but needs to be compared to the traditional way of describing a brief, a written document. An experiment is suggested to evaluate the differences between pre-brief activities made with storyboarding compared to written.

  • 22.
    Wikström, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Verganti, Roberto
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Storyboarding: Framing and reframing the design brief2013In: DS 75-7: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED13), Design for Harmonies, Vol.7: Human Behaviour in Design, Seoul, Korea, 19-22.08.2013, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents findings from an explanatory experiment, developing understandingabout Storyboarding in the front front end of innovation. The experiment set-up is to test howStoryboard is different from the common way of working before creating a design brief,writing documents, and to create a research agenda in order to explore this phenomena indepth. The experiment was performed in the context of a multidisciplinary conceptdevelopment course with eight teams. These teams were divided in two groups where onegroup created a Storyboard brief and the other a written brief. As results three hypotheses aredeveloped for further research. Also we conclude that Storyboard seems to be more promisingto support innovation projects that need focusing in a narrower area, but in that area moreopen to freedom of interpretation and reframing of a problem at its roots.

  • 23.
    Wiktorsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Wikström, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Jackson, Mats
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Ekman, Sten
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Developing idPeo –- A Multidiciplinary Approach to Product Realization2009In: ICED 09 - THE 17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING DESIGN, VOL 6: DESIGN METHODS AND TOOLS, 2009, p. 67-77Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    On the background of a changing industrial landscape and key elements of the realization of complex integrated products, this paper discuss and explore an "innovative" approach towards product concept development methodologies by focusing on creativity, multidisciplinary teams, and decision-making. Throughout 2006-2009 a product realization methodology, the idPeo methodology, has been developed in a university/industry collaboration milieu. Based on a briefly reported literature review, the paper presents the methodology, briefly the three generations of conducted cases and the evolution of the methodology over the years. It is argued that the approach for innovative product realization in concept development, if implemented correctly also into companies' product development process, could contribute to increased flexibility, creativity and tolerance for change. It could also decrease lead time, increase product performance, and decrease uncertainty. 

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