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  • 1.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system. IS (Embedded Systems).
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system. IS (Embedded Systems).
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system. IS (Embedded Systems).
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system. IS (Embedded Systems).
    A Formal Approach for Flexible Modeling and Analysis of Transaction Timeliness and Isolation2016Ingår i: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems, Brest, France, 2016Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Traditional Concurrency Control (CC) mechanisms ensure absence of undesired interference in transaction-based systems and enforce isolation. However, CC may introduce unpredictable delays that could lead to breached timeliness, which is unwanted for real-time transactions. To avoid deadline misses, some CC algorithms relax isolation in favor of timeliness, whereas others limit possible interleavings by leveraging real-time constraints and preserve isolation. Selecting an appropriate CC algorithm that can guarantee timeliness at an acceptable level of isolation thus becomes an essential concern for system designers. However, trading-off isolation for timeliness is not easy with existing analysis techniques in database and real-time communities. In this paper, we propose to use model checking of a timed automata model of the transaction system, in order to check the traded-off timeliness and isolation. Our solution provides modularization for the basic transactional constituents, which enables flexible modeling and composition of various candidate CC algorithms, and thus reduces the effort of selecting the appropriate CC algorithm.

  • 2.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system. IS (Embedded Systems).
    Customized Real-Time Data Management for Automotive Systems: A Case Study2017Ingår i: IECON 2017 - 43RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY, 2017, s. 8397-8404Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Real-time DataBase Management Systems (RTDBMS) have been considered as a promising means to manage data for data-centric automotive systems. During the design of an RTDBMS, one must carefully trade off data consistency and timeliness, in order to achieve an acceptable level of both properties. Previously, we have proposed a design process called DAGGERS to facilitate a systematic customization of transaction models and decision on the run-time mechanisms. In this paper, we evaluate the applicability of DAGGERS via an industrially relevant case study that aims to design the transaction management for an on-board diagnostic system, which should guarantee both timeliness and data consistency under concurrent access. To achieve this, we apply the pattern-based approach of DAGGERS to formalize the transactions, and derive the appropriate isolation level and concurrency control algorithm guided by model checking. We show by simulation that the implementation of our designed system satisfies the desired timeliness and derived isolation, and demonstrate that DAGGERS helps to customize desired real-time transaction management prior to implementation.

  • 3.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    DAGGTAX: A Taxonomy of Data Aggregation Processes2017Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Data aggregation processes are essential constituents in many data management applications. Due to their complexity, designing data aggregation processes often demands considerable efforts. A study on the features of data aggregation processes will provide a comprehensive view for the designers and ease the design process. Existing works either propose application-specific aggregation solutions, or focus on particular aspects of aggregation processes such as aggregate functions, hence they do not offer a high-level, generic description. In this paper, we propose a taxonomy of data aggregation processes called DAGGTAX, which builds on the results of an extensive survey within various application domains. Our work focuses on the features of aggregation processes and their implications, especially on the temporal data consistency and the process timeliness. We present our taxonomy as a feature diagram, which is a visual notation with formal semantics. The taxonomy can then serve as the foundation of a design tool that enables designers to build an aggregation process by selecting and composing desired features. Based on the implications of the features, we formulate three design rules that eliminate infeasible feature combinations. We also provide a set of design heuristics that could help designers to decide the appropriate mechanisms for achieving the selected features. 

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  • 4.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    DAGGTAX: A taxonomy of data aggregation processes2017Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10563, Springer Verlag , 2017, s. 324-339Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Data aggregation processes are essential constituents for data management in modern computer systems, such as decision support systems and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Due to the heterogeneity and real-time constraints in such systems, designing appropriate data aggregation processes often demands considerable effort. A study on the characteristics of data aggregation processes is then desirable, as it provides a comprehensive view of such processes, potentially facilitating their design, as well as the development of tool support to aid designers. In this paper, we propose a taxonomy called DAGGTAX, which is a feature diagram that models the common and variable characteristics of data aggregation processes, with a special focus on the real-time aspect. The taxonomy can serve as the foundation of a design tool, which we also introduce, enabling designers to build an aggregation process by selecting and composing desired features, and to reason about the feasibility of the design. We apply DAGGTAX on industrial case studies, showing that DAGGTAX not only strengthens the understanding, but also facilitates the model-driven design of data aggregation processes. © 2017, Springer International Publishing AG.

  • 5.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Data Aggregation Processes: A Survey, A Taxonomy, and Design Guidelines2019Ingår i: Computing, ISSN 0010-485X, E-ISSN 1436-5057, Vol. 101, nr 10, s. 1397-1429Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Data aggregation processes are essential constituents for data management in modern computer systems, such as decision support systems and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, many with timing constraints. Understanding the common and variable features of data aggregation processes, especially their implications to the timerelated properties, is key to improving the quality of the designed system and reduce design effort. In this paper, we present a survey of data aggregation processes in a variety of application domains from literature.We investigate their common and variable features, which serves as the basis of our previously proposed taxonomy called DAGGTAX. By studying the implications of the DAGGTAX features, we formulate a set of constraints to be satisfied during design, which helps to check the correctness of the specifications and reduce the design space. We also provide a set of design heuristics that could help designers to decide the appropriate mechanisms for achieving the selected features. We apply DAGGTAX on industrial case studies, showing that DAGGTAX not only strengthens the understanding, but also serves as the foundation of a design tool which facilitates the model-driven design of data aggregation processes.

  • 6.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Effective Test Suite Design for Detecting Concurrency Control Faults in Distributed Transaction Systems2018Ingår i: 8th International Symposium On Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation ISoLA 2018, 2018, s. 355-374Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Concurrency control faults may lead to unwanted interleavings, and breach data consistency in distributed transaction systems. However, due to the unpredictable delays between sites, detecting concurrency control faults in distributed transaction systems is difficult. In this paper, we propose a methodology, relying on model-based testing and mutation testing, for designing test cases in order to detect such faults. The generated test inputs are designated delays between distributed operations, while the outputs are the occurrence of unwanted interleavings that are consequences of the concurrency control faults. We mutate the distributed transaction specification with common concurrency control faults, and model them as UPPAAL timed automata, in which designated delays are encoded as stopwatches. Test cases are generated via reachability analysis using UPPAAL Model Checker, and are selected to form an effective test suite. Our methodology can reduce redundant test cases, and find the appropriate delays to detect concurrency control faults effectively.

  • 7.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Specification and Automated Verification of Atomic Concurrent Real-Time Transactions2019Manuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 8.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Specification and Automated Verification of Atomic Concurrent Real-time Transactions2021Ingår i: Software and Systems Modeling, ISSN 1619-1366, E-ISSN 1619-1374, nr 2, s. 557-589Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Many database management systems (DBMS) need to ensure atomicity and isolation of transactions for logical data consistency, as well as to guarantee temporal correctness of the executed transactions. Since the mechanisms for atomicity and isolation may lead to breaching temporal correctness, trade-offs between these properties are often required during the DBMS design. To be able to address this concern, we have previously proposed the pattern-based UPPCART framework, which models the transactions and the DBMS mechanisms as timed automata, and verifies the trade-offs with provable guarantee. However, the manual construction of UPPCART models can require considerable effort and is prone to errors. In this paper, we advance the formal analysis of atomic concurrent real-time transactions with tool-automated construction of UPPCART models. The latter are generated automatically from our previously proposed UTRAN specifications, which are high-level UML-based specifications familiar to designers. To achieve this, we first propose formal definitions for the modeling patterns in UPPCART, as well as for the pattern-based construction of DBMS models, respectively. Based on this, we establish a translational semantics from UTRAN specifications to UPPCART models, to provide the former with a formal semantics relying on timed automata, and develop a tool that implements the automated transformation. We also extend the expressiveness of UTRAN and UPPCART, to incorporate transaction sequences and their timing properties. We demonstrate the specification in UTRAN, automated transformation to UPPCART, and verification of the traded-off properties, via an industrial use case.

  • 9.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Specification and Formal Verification of Atomic Concurrent Real-Time Transactions2018Ingår i: 23rd IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing PRDC 2018, 2018Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Although atomicity, isolation and temporal correctness are crucial to the dependability of many real-time database-centric systems, the selected assurance mechanism for one property may breach another. Trading off these properties requires to specify and analyze their dependencies, together with the selected supporting mechanisms (abort recovery, concurrency control, and scheduling), which is still insufficiently supported. In this paper, we propose a UML profile, called UTRAN, for specifying atomic concurrent real-time transactions, with explicit support for all three properties and their supporting mechanisms. We also propose a pattern-based modeling framework, called UPPCART, to formalize the transactions and the mechanisms specified in UTRAN, as UPPAAL timed automata. Various mechanisms can be modeled flexibly using our reusable patterns, after which the desired properties can be verified by the UPPAAL model checker. Our techniques facilitate systematic analysis of atomicity, isolation and temporal correctness trade-offs with guarantee, thus contributing to a dependable real-time database system.

  • 10.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Statistical Model Checking for Real-Time Database Management Systems: A Case Study2019Ingår i: The 24th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA2019, 2019, s. 306-313Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Many industrial control systems manage critical data using Database Management Systems (DBMS). The correctness of transactions, especially their atomicity, isolation and temporal correctness, is essential for the dependability of the entire system. Existing methods and techniques, however, either lack the ability to analyze the interplay of these properties, or do not scale well for systems with large amounts of transactions and data, and complex transaction management mechanisms. In this paper, we propose to analyze large scale real-time database systems using statistical model checking. We propose a pattern-based framework, by extending our previous work, to model the real-time DBMS as a network of stochastic timed automata, which can be analyzed by UPPAAL Statistical Model Checker. We present an industrial case study, in which we design a collision avoidance system for multiple autonomous construction vehicles, via concurrency control of a real-time DBMS. The desired properties of the designed system are analyzed using our proposed framework.

  • 11.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Towards the verification of temporal data consistency in Real-Time Data Management2016Ingår i: 2016 2nd International Workshop on Modelling, Analysis, and Control of Complex CPS, CPS Data 2016, 2016, artikel-id Article number 7496422Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Many Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) require both timeliness of computation and temporal consistency of their data. Therefore, when using real-time databases in a real-time CPS application, the Real-Time Database Management Systems (RTDBMSs) must ensure both transaction timeliness and temporal data consistency. RTDBMSs prevent unwanted interferences of concurrent transactions via concurrency control, which in turn has a significant impact on the timeliness and temporal consistency of data. Therefore it is important to verify, already at early design stages that these properties are not breached by the concurrency control. However, most often such early on guarantees of properties under concurrency control are missing. In this paper we show how to verify transaction timeliness and temporal data consistency using model checking. We model the transaction work units, the data and the concurrency control mechanism as a network of timed automata, and specify the properties in TCTL. The properties are then checked exhaustively and automatically using the UPPAAL model checker. 

  • 12.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Trading-off Data Consistency for Timeliness in Real-Time Database Systems2015Ingår i: 27th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems ECRTS'15, 2015, s. 13-16Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to guarantee transaction timeliness, Realtime Database Management Systems (RTDBMSs) often relax data consistency by relaxing the ACID transaction properties. Such relaxation varies depending on the application and thus different transaction management mechanisms have to be decided for developing a tailored RTDBMS. However, current RTDBMSs development does not include systematic verification of timeliness and desired ACID properties. Consequently, the implemented transaction management mechanisms may breach timeliness of transactions. In this paper, we propose a process called DAGGERS for developing a tailored RTDBMS that guarantees timeliness and desired data consistency for real-time systems by employing model-checking techniques during the process. Based on the characteristics of the desired data manipulations, transaction models are designed and then formally verified iteratively together with selected run-time mechanisms, in order to achieve the desired/necessary trade-offs between timeliness and data consistency. The outcome of DAGGERS is thus a tailored transaction management with guaranteed appropriate trade-offs, as well as the model-checking based worst-case execution times and blocking times of transactions under these mechanisms and assumptions of the hardware architecture.

  • 13.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Larsson, A.
    Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Tool-supported design of data aggregation processes in cloud monitoring systems2019Ingår i: Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, ISSN 1868-5137, E-ISSN 1868-5145, Vol. 10, nr 7, s. 2519-2535Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Efficient monitoring of a cloud system involves multiple aggregation processes and large amounts of data with various and interdependent requirements. A thorough understanding and analysis of the characteristics of data aggregation processes can help to improve the software quality and reduce development cost. In this paper, we propose a systematic approach for designing data aggregation processes in cloud monitoring systems. Our approach applies a feature-oriented taxonomy called DAGGTAX (Data AGGregation TAXonomy) to systematically specify the features of the designed system, and SAT-based analysis to check the consistency of the specifications. Following our approach, designers first specify the data aggregation processes by selecting and composing the features from DAGGTAX. These specified features, as well as design constraints, are then formalized as propositional formulas, whose consistency is checked by the Z3 SAT solver. To support our approach, we propose a design tool called SAFARE (SAt-based Feature-oriented dAta aggREgation design), which implements DAGGTAX-based specification of data aggregation processes and design constraints, and integrates the state-of-the-art solver Z3 for automated analysis. We also propose a set of general design constraints, which are integrated by default in SAFARE. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated via a case study provided by industry, which aims to design a cloud monitoring system for video streaming. The case study shows that DAGGTAX and SAFARE can help designers to identify reusable features, eliminate infeasible design decisions, and derive crucial system parameters.

  • 14.
    Cai, Simin
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Gallina, Barbara
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Seceleanu, Cristina
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, Inbyggda system.
    Larsson, Alf
    Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Design of Cloud Monitoring Systems via DAGGTAX: A Case Study2017Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science, E-ISSN 1877-0509, Vol. 109, s. 424-431Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Efficient auto-scaling of cloud resources relies on the monitoring of the cloud, which involves multiple aggregation processes and large amounts of data with various and interdependent requirements. A systematic way of describing the data together with the possible aggregations is beneficial for designers to reason about the properties of these aspects as well as their implications on the design, thus improving quality and lowering development costs. In this paper, we propose to apply DAGGTAX, a feature-oriented taxonomy for organizing common and variable data and aggregation process properties, to the design of cloud monitoring systems. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DAGGTAX via a case study provided by industry, which aims to design a cloud monitoring system that serves auto-scaling for a video streaming system. We design the cloud monitoring system by selecting and composing DAGGTAX features, and reason about the feasibility of the selected features. The case study shows that the application of DAGGTAX can help designers to identify reusable features, analyze trade-offs between selected features, and derive crucial system parameters.

  • 15.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    A Data-Entity Approach for Component-Based Real-TimeEmbedded Systems Development2009Ingår i: 14th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technology and Factory Automation, 2009Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper the data-entity approach for efficientdesign-time management of run-time data in componentbasedreal-time embedded systems is presented. The approachformalizes the concept of a data entity which enabledesign-time modeling, management, documentationand analysis of run-time data items. Previous studies ondata management for embedded real-time systems showthat current data management techniques are not adequate,and therefore impose unnecessary costs and quality problemsduring system development. It is our conclusion thatdata management needs to be incorporated as an integralpart of the development of the entire system architecture.Therefore, we propose an approach where run-time datais acknowledged as first class objects during developmentwith proper documentation and where properties such asusage, validity and dependency can be modeled. In thisway we can increase the knowledge and understanding ofthe system. The approach also allows analysis of data dependencies,type matching, and redundancy early in the developmentphase as well as in existing systems.

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  • 16.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Data Management for Component-Based Embedded Real-Time Systems: the Database Proxy Approach2012Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software, ISSN 0164-1212, E-ISSN 1873-1228, Vol. 85, nr 4, s. 821-834Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We introduce the concept of database proxies intended to mitigate the gap between two disjoint productivity-enhancing techniques: Component Based Software Engineering (CBSE) and Real-Time Database Management Systems (RTDBMS). The two techniques promote opposing design goals and their coexistence is neither obvious nor intuitive. CBSE promotes encapsulation and decoupling of component internals from the component environment, whilst an RTDBMS provide mechanisms for efficient and predictable global data sharing. A component with direct access to an RTDBMS is dependent on that specific RTDBMS and may not be useable in an alternative environment. For components to remain encapsulated and reusable, database proxies decouple components from an underlying database residing in the component framework, while providing temporally predictable access to data maintained in a database. Our approach provide access to features such as extensive data modeling tools, predictable access to hard real-time data, dynamic access to soft real-time data using standardized queries and controlled data sharing; thus allowing developers to employ the full potential of both CBSE and an RTDBMS. Our approach primarily targets embedded systems with a subset of functionality with real-time requirements. The implementation results show that the benefits of using proxies do not come at the expense of significant run-time overheads or less accurate timing predictions.

  • 17.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Data Management in AUTOSAR: a Tool Suite Extension Approach2012Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 18.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Database Proxies: A Data Management approach for Component-Based Real-Time Systems2009Rapport (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis presents new techniques for data management of run-time dataobjects in component-based embedded real-time systems. These techniquesenable data to be modeled, analyzed and structured to achieve proper datamanagement during development, maintenance  and execution.The evolution of real-time embedded systems has resulted in an increasedsystem complexity beyond what was thought possible just a few years ago.Over the years, new techniques and tools have been developed to managesoftware and communication complexity. However, as this thesis show, currenttechniques and tools for data management are not sufficient. Today,development of real-time embedded systems focuses on the function aspects ofthe system, in most cases disregarding data management.The lack of proper design-time data management often results in ineffectivedocumentation routines and poor overall system knowledge. Contemporarytechniques to manage run-time data do not satisfy demands on flexibility,maintainability and extensibility. Based on an industrial case-study thatidentifies a number of problems within current data management techniques,both during design-time and  run-time, it is clear that data managementneeds to be incorporated as an integral part of the development of theentire system architecture.As a remedy to the identified problems, we propose a design-time data entityapproach, where the importance of data in the system is elevated to beincluded in the entire design phase with proper documentation, properties,dependencies and analysis methods to increase the overall system knowledge.Furthermore, to efficiently manage data during run-time, we introducedatabase proxies to enable the fusion between two existing techniques;Component Based Software Engineering (CBSE) and Real-Time DatabaseManagement Systems (RTDBMS). A database proxy allows components to bedecoupled from the underlying data management strategy without violating thecomponent encapsulation and communication interface.

  • 19.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mimer Information Technology AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Database Proxies for Component-Based Real-Time Systems2010Ingår i: Proceedings - 22st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, 2010, s. 79-89Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We introduce the concept of database proxies capable of mitigating the gap between two disjoint productivityenhancing techniques: Component Based Software Engineering (CBSE) and Real-Time Database Management Systems (RTDBMS). The coexistence of the two techniques is neither obvious nor intuitive since CBSE and RTDBMS promotes opposing design goals; CBSE promotes encapsulation and decoupling of component internals from the component environment, whilst RTDBMS provide mechanisms for efficient and predictable global data sharing. Database proxies decouple components from an underlying database residing in the component framework. This enables components to remain encapsulated and reusable, while providing temporally predictable access to data maintained in a database. We specifically target embedded systems with a subset of functionality with real-time requirements. Our implementation results show that the above benefits do not come at the expense of run-time overheads or less accurate timing predictions.

  • 20.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Database Proxy Tool Support in an AUTOSAR Development Environment2012Ingår i: Proceedings - 38th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, SEAA 2012, 2012, s. 51-54Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    AUTOSAR has been introduced as a remedy for the increasing complexity and rising costs within automotive systems development. However, AUTOSAR does not provide sufficient support for the increased complexity with respect to data management. Database proxies have been presented as a promising solution to provide software component technologies with the capabilities of a state-of-the-art real-time database management system. In this paper, we show how an industrial AUTOSAR development environment can be extended to include support for real-time data management.

  • 21.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Introducing Database-Centric Support in AUTOSAR2012Ingår i: 7th International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES): Conference Proceedings, IEEE , 2012, s. 138-147Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We propose to integrate a real-time databasemanagement system into the basic software of the AUTOSARcomponent model. This integration can be performed withoutviolating the fundamental principles of the component-basedapproach of the AUTOSAR standard. Our database-centricapproach allows developers to focus on application developmentinstead of reinventing data management techniques ordevelop solutions using internal data structures. We use stateof-the-art database pointer techniques to achieve predictabletiming, and database proxies to maintain component encapsulationand independence of data-management strategy. Thepaper illustrates the feasibility of our proposal when databaseproxies are used to manage the data communication betweencomponents and to perform run-time monitoring on the virtualfunction bus. Our implementation results show that the abovebenefits do not come at the expense of run-time overheadsor less accurate timing predictions. Under typical workloadconditions, our concept only introduces in the order of 4%CPU overhead.

  • 22.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Land, Rikard
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Design-Time Management of Run-Time Data in Industrial Embedded Real-Time Systems Development2008Ingår i: Proceedings of 13th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA'08), IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Hamburg, Germany, 2008, s. 1285-1293Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Efficient design-time management and documentation of run-time data elements are of paramount importance when developing and maintaining modern real-time systems. In this paper, we present the results of an industrial case-study in which we have studied the state of practice in data management and documentation. Representatives from five companies within various business segments have been interviewed and our results show that various aspects of current data management and documentation are problematic and not yet mature. Results show that companies today have a fairly good management of distributed signals, while internal ECU signals and states are, in many cases, not managed at all. This lack of internal data management results in costly development and maintenance and is often entirely dependent of the know-how of single individual experts.

    Furthermore, it has, in several cases, resulted in unused and excessive data in the systems due to the fact that

    whether or not a data is used is unknown.

  • 23.
    Hjertström, Andreas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Åkerholm, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Sjödin, Mikael
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    INCENSE: Information-Centric Run-Time Support for Component-Based Embedded Real-Time Systems2007Ingår i: Proceedings of the Work-In-Progress (WIP) session, 14th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, Seattle, United States, 2007, s. 4-Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we present a technique to allow the use of

    real-time database management together with componentbased

    software development, to achieve an information centric

    run-time platform for the development of embedded

    real-time systems. The technique allows components to

    benefit from the advantages of a real-time database management

    system while still retaining desirable component

    properties, such as isolation and a high level of reusability.

    We propose that a database is integrated in the component

    framework, and introduce the concept of database

    proxies to decouple components from the database schema.

    The resulting system fully benefits from the advantages of

    component-based software development, such as reusability,

    all component interaction through interfaces, etc, combined

    with the advantages of a real-time database management

    system, i.e., system openness, controlled data access,

    and dynamic query language capabilities.

  • 24.
    Nolte, Thomas
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Introducing Substitution-Queries in Distributed Real-Time Database Management Systems2005Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA, 2005, s. 707-714Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper introduces query mechanisms that allow automotive control-systems (using a distributed real-time database management system(RTDBMS)) to be queried, monitored and stimulated during run-time without violating its temporal properties. The mechanisms are completely transparent to the control application since they are handled by the RTDBMS. The COMET RTDBMS is extended with ad hoc capabilities to support the introduction of subscription and substitution queries, which are used for monitoring and stimulation. These queries are intended to be used by service and calibration tools to help in the development and maintenance of modern automotive systems. Using these queries could reduce development costs, result in higher quality of the system design and consequently yield higher reliability.

  • 25.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för Datavetenskap.
    COMET: a component-based real-time database for vehicle control-systems2003Licentiatavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 26.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Data Management in Vehicle Control-Systems2005Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [sv]

    Ett modernt fordon är idag i princip helt styrt av inbyggda datorer. I takt med att funktionaliteten i fordonen ökar, blir programvaran i dessa datorer mer och mer komplex. Komplex programvara är svår och kostsam att konstruera. För att hantera denna komplexitet och underlätta konstruktion, satsar nu industrin på att finna metoder för att konstruera dessa system på en högre abstraktionsnivå. Dessa metoder syftar till att strukturera programvaran idess olika funktionella beståndsdelar, till exempel genom att använda så kallad komponentbaserad programvaruutveckling. Men, dessa metoder är inte effektiva vad gäller att hantera den ökande mängden information som följer med den ökande funktionaliteten i systemen. Exempel på information som skall hanteras är data från sensorer utspridda i bilen (temperaturer, tryck, varvtal osv.), styrdata från föraren (t.ex. rattutslag och gaspådrag), parameterdata, och loggdata som används för servicediagnostik. Denna information kan klassas som säkerhetskritisk eftersom den används för att styra beteendet av fordonet. På senare tid har dock mängden icke säkerhetskritisk information ökat, exempelvis i bekvämlighetssystem som multimedia-, navigations- och passagerarergonomisystem.

    Denna avhandling syftar till att visa hur ett datahanteringssystem för inbyggda system, till exempel fordonssystem, kan konstrueras. Genom att använda ett realtidsdatabashanteringssystem för att lyfta upp datahanteringen på en högre abstraktionsnivå kan fordonssystem tillåtas att hantera stora mängder information på ett mycket enklare sätt än i nuvarande system. Ett sådant datahanteringssystem ger systemarkitekterna möjlighet att strukturera och modellera informationen på ett logiskt och överblickbart sätt. Informationen kan sedan läsas och uppdateras genom standardiserade gränssnitt anpassade förolika typer av funktionalitet. Avhandlingen behandlar specifikt problemet hur information i databasen, med hjälp av en concurrency-control algoritm, skall kunna delas av både säkerhetskritiska och icke säkerhetskritiska systemfunktioner i fordonet. Vidare avhandlas hur information kan distribueras både mellan olika datorsystem i fordonet, men också till diagnostik- och serviceverktyg som kan kopplas in i fordonet.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 27.
    Nyström, Dag
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Nolin, Mikael
    Norström, Christer
    Snapshots in Real-Time Database using Database Pointer Transactions2005Ingår i: Proceedings - 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, 2005, s. 343-349Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    We present 2V-DBP-SNAP an algorithm that allows hard real-time tasks in an embedded real-time control system to read a snapshot of a number of data elements in a real-time database. Furthermore, 2V-DBP-SNAP allows these data elements to be shared with soft real-time tasks, which access them using a database query language, and with other hard real-time tasks that use database pointers. 2V-DBP-SNAP allows temporal behavior and memory consumption to be accurately predicted. Introducing snapshot transactions is beneficial for embedded control-systems, such as for engine control in an automotive system, since a snapshot of the state of the environment can be collected, e.g., the state of all cylinders in the engine. 2V-DBP-SNAP is lightweight and predictable, both with respect to computational and memory overhead, and is therefore highly suited for resource constrained systems.

  • 28.
    Nyström, Dag
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Tesanovic, Aleksandra
    Nolin, Mikael
    Norström, Christer
    Hansson, Jörgen
    COMET: A Component-Based Real-Time Database for Automotive Systems2004Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Software Engineering for Automotive Systems, 2004Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 29.
    Nyström, Dag
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Tesanovic, Aleksandra
    Linköping University, Dept. of Computer Science, Linköping, Sweden .
    Norström, Christer
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Hansson, Jörgen
    Linköping University, Dept. of Computer Science, Linköping, Sweden .
    Bånkestad, Nils-Erik
    Volvo Construction, Eskilstuna, Sweden.
    Data Management Issues in Vehicle Control Systems: a Case Study2002Ingår i: Proceedings - Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems 2002, 2002, s. 249-256Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a case study of a class of embedded hard real-time control applications in the vehicular industry which, in addition to meeting transaction and task deadlines, emphasize data validity requirements. We elaborate on how a database could be integrated into the studied application and how the database management system (DBMS) could be designed to suit this particular class of systems.

  • 30.
    Nyström, Dag
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Tesanovic, Aleksandra
    Noström, Christer
    Hansson, Jörgen
    Database Pointers: Efficient and Predictable Data Access in Real-Time Control-SystemsÖvrigt (Refereegranskat)
  • 31.
    Pettersson, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Thane, Henrik
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap och elektronik.
    Shared Data Analysis for Multi-Tasking Real-Time System Testing2007Ingår i: 2007 Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems Proceeedings, SIES'2007, 2007, s. 110-117Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Memory corruption due to program faults is one of the most common failures in computer software. For software running in a sequential manner and for multi-tasking software with synchronized data accesses, it has been shown that program faults causing memory corruption can be detected by analyzing the relations between defines and uses of variables (DU coverage-based testing). However, using such methods in testing for memory corruption where globally shared data is accessed through asynchronous events will not be sufficient since they lack the possibility to analyse the cases where preemption of tasks may lead to interleaving failures. In this paper, we propose the use of a system level shared variable DU analysis of multi-tasking realtime software. By analyzing the temporal attributes of each access to globally shared data, our method handles asynchronous data accesses. When used in system-level testing, the result from the analysis can discover failures such as ordering, synchronization and interleaving failures. The result can also serve a as measure for coverage and complexity in data dependency at system level.

  • 32.
    Sentilles, Séverine
    et al.
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Pettersson, Anders
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nyström, Dag
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Nolte, thomas
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Pettersson, Paul
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Crnkovic, Ivica
    Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik.
    Save-IDE – A Tool for Design, Analysis andImplementation of Component-based Embedded Systems2009Ingår i: 2009 31ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE Computer Society , 2009, s. 607-610Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper presents Save-IDE, an Integrated Development Environment for thedevelopment of component-based embedded systems. Save-IDE supports efficient development of dependable embedded systems by providing tools for design of embedded software systems using a dedicated component model, formal specification and analysis of component and system behaviors already in early development phases, and a fully automated transformation of the system of components into an executable image.

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