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  • 1.
    Avelin, Anders
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Effect of different renovation actions, their investment cost and future potential2017In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 143, p. 73-79Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    65% of the buildings in Västerås, situated in the region of Mälardalen, Sweden were built before 1970. It is thus time for renovation. The situation is the same in most cities in Sweden and Northern Europe. The depth of renovation can be quite different. In this paper we evaluate some examples where cost is compared to energy saving effect. How to plan renovation to make use of the available capital in the cities is discussed. As a complement to direct renovation actions also behavior change with respect to energy is discussed and exemplified. The cost for energy actions in relation to other renovation aspects is discussed especially for the passive house case in Allingsås, Sweden. The passive house center calculate an extra cost for passive house standard to be 10 000 €/apartment while an external consultant has the figure 40 000 € of the total cost of 120 000 €. With this space heating can be 18 kWh/m2.year, or a reduction by 84 % with respect to space heating and 62% for overall heat and hot water demand. If you use the latter cost figure passive house standard is not motivated from an energy savings perspective while if using the lower figure it is very interesting. For the other less deep renovations we see that adding more insulation and three glass windows is motivated if the degradation has been strong, while a simpler renovation may be ok if the outer surface coating is not too bad. For these less deep renovations we see cost figures of 65 €/m2 respectively 28 €/m2 with reduction of heating and hot water demand of 56 % respectively 34 %. 

  • 2.
    Azimoh, C. L.
    et al.
    University of Johannesburg, Department of Quality and Operations Management, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Klintenberg, Patrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Mbohwa, C.
    University of Johannesburg, Department of Quality and Operations Management, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Replicability and scalability of mini-grid solution to rural electrification programs in sub-Saharan Africa2017In: Renewable Energy, ISSN 0960-1481, Vol. 106, p. 222-231Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The assessment of off-grid electrification programs in developing countries largely based on mini-grid and solar home system (SHS) has shown that they are faced with low development imparts and sustainability challenges, which has resulted in failure of many projects. This study provides solutions on how to surmount these challenges, leaning on the experience of a hybrid solar-diesel mini-grid at Tsumkwe village in Namibia. It provides analyses of a case study based on empirical evidence from field studies, interviews of representatives of households, public institutions and energy providers. In addition, it investigates the technical challenges and economic impacts of the electrification program. HOMER™ and MATLAB™ models were used in the analysis and investigations. The findings show that despite the challenges, the system has been sustained because it keyed into an existing structure with growth potentials. The progressive tariff system adopted by the government helped to cushion costs and allow low income households in the energy matrix. Adoption of strict maintenance measures, and implementation of energy efficiency measures prior to the commissioning of the program, resulted in the reduction of costs. The success elements identified in this study could be extrapolated in other sub-Saharan African countries if the challenges are properly addressed.

  • 3.
    Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Klintenberg, Patrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Karlsson, Björn
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Illuminated but not electrified: An assessment of the impact of Solar Home System on rural households in South Africa2015In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 155, p. 354-364Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The introduction of the off-grid electrification program in South Africa using the Solar Home System (SHS) was a central component of the government policy aimed at bringing development to un-electrified households. An assessment of the performance of SHS in many countries provided little evidence to support the development impact of the system. The general perception is that the SHS program is wasting government funds and has no hope of achieving the set objectives. Previous scientific reports have concluded that SHS is the most viable technology for bringing about socio-economic development to rural households. Most of these conclusions have been based on one sided arguments and largely on anecdotal evidence. This study provides a pluralistic view of the subject from the perspective of the energy service companies (ESCOs) and the households using the equipment. The development impact of SHS is subjected to scientific analysis by investigating the economic and social dimensions of the program. Additionally, the sustainability of the South African SHS program is assessed by investigating the challenges facing the ESCOs and the households. The study reveals that illumination provided by SHS electricity has profound impact on the livelihoods of rural households. Due to the limited capacity of SHS for productive and thermal use, there are limited direct economic benefits to the households. The associated economic impact is peripheral to the secondary usage of SHS electricity. SHS has improved the productivity of small scale business owners who utilize the light from SHS to do business at night. Irregularities in payment of subsidy funds and energy bills, high operation cost, non-optimal use of SHS, grid encroachment, and lack of customer satisfaction contribute to make the business unsustainable for the ESCOs.

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  • 4.
    Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Klintenberg, Patrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Karlsson, Björn
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    The burden of shading and location on the sustainability of South African solar home system program2015In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 75, p. 308-313Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most contributions on the issues of sustainability of rural electrification projects have focused on the technology and business models used to drive the projects. The issues of user education and environmental impact on the technology have received little attention, despite the fact that these challenges affect lives of projects after commissioning. The usage pattern of solar home systems (SHS) by most users that placed their solar panels close to obstructing objects, results in shading of the panels, and geographic location of households in the concession areas of the South African SHS program affects the performances of the system. The non-optimal use of SHS is mainly due to lack of user education. Therefore this paper reports on the impact of geographic location and shading of panels on the economics and technical performance of SHS. The study was done by investigating the performance of 75 WP solar panels operated at two sites in South Africa (Upington in Northern Cape Province and Thlatlaganya in Limpopo Province), the performance of an optimized shaded SHS and a non-shaded one was also investigated. The results show that both geographic location and shading compromise the performance of the systems, the energy output of a solar panel located at Upington is increased by 19% and the state of charge of the battery (SOC) increased by 6%, compared to the panel situated at Thlatlaganya village. Also the life span of the battery is increased by about one year. The SOC of the partially shaded SHS is reduced by 22% and loss of power to the load increased by 20%. The geographical location of the SHS concession areas in South Africa and lack of adherence to the manufacturer's installation specification affects the economics of SHS and the energy output vis-a-vis the sustainability of the program due to reduction in life cycle of the batteries. 

  • 5.
    Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Klintenberg, Patrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Karlsson, Björn
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Mbohwa, Charles
    University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Electricity for development:: Mini-grid solution for rural electrificationin South Africa2016In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, no 110, p. 268-277Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of most rural electrification programs in the developing world is to bring about socioeconomicdevelopment to households. Governments have put in place a number of measures to achievethis goal. Previous studies on rural electrification programs in developing countries show that solar homesystems and mini-grid systems are the dominant technologies. Assessments of a pilot hybrid mini-gridproject at Lucingweni village have concluded that mini-grid projects are not feasible due to high electricityproduction costs. As a result efforts toward rural electrification have been focused on the solar homesystem. Nevertheless, previous studies of the South African solar home system program have shown thatthe development objectives of the program are yet to be met more than a decade after commissioning.Therefore, this study investigates the viability of a hybrid mini-grid as a solution for rural developmentin South Africa. Investigations were based on Lucingweni and Thlatlaganya, two rural Villages where themini-grid and solar home system have been introduced. The mini-grid systems were designed taking intoconsideration available natural resources and existing load profiles. The results show that a village of 300households needs about 2.4 kW h/household/day of electricity to initiate and sustain income generatingactivities and that the solar home system is not capable of supporting this level of demand. We also showthat in locations with hydro resources, a hybrid mini-grid system has the most potential for meeting theenergy needs of the households in a cost effective manner. The assessment shows that with adequateplanning and optimization of available resources, the cost of electricity production can be reduced.

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  • 6.
    Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Klintenberg, Patrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Karlsson, Björn
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    An assessment of unforeseen losses resulting from inappropriate use of solar home systems in South Africa2014In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 136, p. 336-346Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the challenges to the sustainability of the Solar Home System (SHS) electrification program in South Africa is equipment theft. In response to this, communities susceptible to solar panel theft resort to mounting their panels flat on the ground so they can be looked after during the day and taken indoors at night for safe keeping. Other households use their security lights to illuminate their environment and provide security for pole and roof mounted solar panels at night. These actions have consequential effects on the performance of the SHS. Several studies have detected resentment from households regarding the low power quality from these systems. Most scientific contributions on the issue of low power from SHS have focused on the challenges based on the technical designs of the systems. The power losses due to the usage pattern of the system has not received much attention. This study therefore reports on the technical losses as a result of the deviation from the designed and installed specification of the system by the users in order to protect their systems. It also investigates the linkage between the technical and economic losses which affects the sustainability of SHS program. A case study was performed in Thlatlaganya village within Limpopo province in South Africa. Technical analysis using PVSYST solar software revealed that the energy output and performance of the battery is compromised as a result of these practices. Economic analysis indicates that the battery life and the economics of owning and operating SHS are affected negatively. The study recommends solutions to mitigate these losses, and proposes a cost effective way of optimizing the operation of SHS using a Bench-Rack system for mounting solar panels.

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  • 7.
    Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Oyedokun, D.
    University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, CT, South Africa.
    Bridging the electrification gap in the sub-Saharan Africa2012In: World Renewable Energy Forum, WREF 2012, 2012, p. 4426-4433Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Studies have shown that Africa has enough resources to meet the continent's energy need and beyond. Statistics has it that only about 3.5% of world oil produced is consumed in the continent, whilst at the same time the continent contributes about 12.5% of the total world oil production. Africa also has capabilities for hydro, solar, geothennal. and biomass energy etc. Despite all these, Africa is still lying prostrate in meeting the energy need of its bourgeoning population. Many papers in the power literature have proffered solutions using fossil based energy technology as a panacea for meeting the short fall; others used renewable energy based solutions, but there has been a protracted history of failures. The adduced reasons borders on ineffective policies and business models. This paper therefore investigates the various renewable technologies as well as fossil based energy systems with the interest of identifying reasons for their failures in the past. The paper also reports on various policies on renewable energy in Africa that militates against energy sector development. Taking a holistic view of the cotemporary Africa situation in terms of its energy needs, it is the believe of the authors that, to overcome the energy challenges in Africa, an optimal response strategy that combines grid based and decentralized off-grid small scale renewable systems should be adopted. To this extent, our solution will not only augment with the existing solutions in providing the much needed electricity to the rural/peripheral urban dwellers in Africa, but also alleviate the poverty level through creation of jobs.

  • 8.
    Bartusch, Cajsa
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Larsson, Mikael
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wester, Lars
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Potential of hourly settlements in the residential sector of the Swedish electricity market: Estimations of risk reduction and economic result2010In: International Journal of Green Energy, ISSN 1543-5075, E-ISSN 1543-5083, Vol. 7, no 3, p. 224-240Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Increased demand response is essential in order to boost the effectiveness of the Swedish power market. The all-embracing installation of automatic meter reading systems enables power suppliers to introduce hourly settlements in the residential sector. The aim of the study has been to assess the impact of electricity retailers’ physical and financial risk in customer segments with different heating systems as well as to estimate the potential of the electricity contract ”Fixed price with the right to return” in terms of economic consequences and risk management. The results show that households whose main heating system consists of a geothermal heat pump constitute the largest physical price and volume risk of suppliers. The gain of introducing hourly settlements in the residential electricity market has furthermore proven to be manifold from both an economic and risk reducing point of view.

  • 9.
    Bartusch, Cajsa
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Odlare, Monica
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Electricity consumption and load demand in single-family house2008Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Bartusch, Cajsa
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Odlare, Monica
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wester, Lars
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Exploring variance in residential electricity consumption: Household features and building properties2012In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 92, p. 637-643Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Improved means of controlling electricity consumption plays an important part in boosting energy efficiency in the Swedish power market. Developing policy instruments to that end requires more in-depth statistics on electricity use in the residential sector, among other things. The aim of the study has accordingly been to assess the extent of variance in annual electricity consumption in single-family homes as well as to estimate the impact of household features and building properties in this respect using independent samples t-tests and one-way as well as univariate independent samples analyses of variance. Statistically significant variances associated with geographic area, heating system, number of family members, family composition, year of construction, electric water heater and electric underfloor heating have been established. The overall result of the analyses is nevertheless that variance in residential electricity consumption cannot be fully explained by independent variables related to household and building characteristics alone. As for the methodological approach, the results further suggest that methods for statistical analysis of variance are of considerable value in indentifying key indicators for policy update and development.

  • 11.
    Bartusch, Cajsa
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Odlare, Monica
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Iana, Vassileva
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wester, Lars
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Introducing a demand-based electricity distribution tariff in the residential sector: demand response and customer perception2011In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 39, no 9, p. 5008-5025Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Increased demand response is essential to fully exploit the Swedish power system, which in turn is an absolute prerequisite for meeting political goals related to energy efficiency and climate change. Demand response programs are, nonetheless, still exceptional in the residential sector of the Swedish electricity market, one contributory factor being lack of knowledge about the extent of the potential gains. In light of these circumstances, this empirical study set out with the intention of estimating the scope of households’ response to, and assessing customers’ perception of, a demand-based time-of-use electricity distribution tariff. The results show that households as a whole have a fairly high opinion of the demand-based tariff and act on its intrinsic price signals by decreasing peak demand in peak periods and shifting electricity use from peak to off-peak periods.

  • 12.
    Bian, Caiyun
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center. Academy of Chinese Energy Strategy, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, China.
    Li, Hailong
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Avelin, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Lin, L.
    Academy of Chinese Energy Strategy, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
    Yu, Z.
    Department of Energy and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of Stavanger, Norway.
    Finding the optimal location for public charging stations - A GIS-based MILP approach2019In: Energy Procedia, Elsevier Ltd , 2019, Vol. 158, p. 6582-6588Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electric Vehicles (EVs) have achieved a significant development because of the continuous technology revolution and policy supports in recent years, which leads to a larger demand of charging stations. Strategies about how to find the optimal location for charging facilities are urgently needed in order to further assist the development of EVs. This paper focus on the return of investments on EV charging stations and proposes a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model based on Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify the optimal location of charging stations in cities. Traffic flow data and land-use classifications are used as important inputs, and six important constraints are included in the MILP model with the objective function of maximizing the total profits of new charging stations. The effectiveness of the proposed method is then demonstrated by implementing a case study in Västerås, Sweden.

  • 13.
    Bulut, Mehmet Börühan
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Odlare, Monica
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Stigson, Peter
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Active buildings in smart grids - Exploring the views of the Swedish energy and buildings sectors2016In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 117, p. 185-198Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of smart grids is expected to shift the role of buildings in power networks from passive consumers to active players that trade on power markets in real-time and participate in the operation of networks. Although there are several studies that report on consumer views on buildings with smart grid features, there is a gap in the literature about the views of the energy and buildings sectors, two important sectors for the development. This study fills this gap by presenting the views of key stakeholders from the Swedish energy and buildings sectors on the active building concept with the help of interviews and a web survey. The findings indicate that the active building concept is associated more with energy use flexibility than self-generation of electricity. The barriers to development were identified to be primarily financial due to the combination of the current low electricity prices and the high costs of technologies. Business models that reduce the financial burdens and risks related to investments can contribute to the development of smart grid technologies in buildings, which, according to the majority of respondents from the energy and buildings sectors, are to be financed by housing companies and building owners. 

  • 14.
    Bulut, Mehmet Börühan
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Odlare, Monica
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Stigson, Peter
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Buildings in the future energy system: Perspectives of the Swedish energy and buildings sectors on current energy challenges2015In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 107, p. 254-263, article id Article number 6090Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Buildings are expected to play a key role in the development and operation of future smart energy systems through real-time energy trade, energy demand flexibility, self-generation of electricity, and energy storage capabilities. Shifting the role of buildings from passive consumers to active players in the energy networks, however, may require closer cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors than there is today. Based on 23 semi-structured interviews and a web survey answered by key stakeholders, this study presents the views of the energy and buildings sectors on the current energy challenges in a comparative approach. Despite conflicting viewpoints on some of the issues, the energy and buildings sectors have similar perspectives on many of the current energy challenges. Reducing CO2 emissions is a shared concern between the energy and buildings sectors that can serve as a departure point for inter-sectoral cooperation for carbon-reducing developments, including the deployment of smart energy systems. The prominent energy challenges were identified to be related to low flexibilities in energy supply and use, which limit mutually beneficial cases, and hence cooperation, between the energy and buildings sectors today.

  • 15.
    Bulut, Mehmet Börühan
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Buildings as components of smart grids - Perspectives of different stakeholders2014In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 61, p. 1630-1633Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper provides the perceptions of the energy and buildings sectors, municipalities and researchers in Sweden about active buildings that provide smart grid services to their inhabitants. As part of this study, we conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders to present the perspectives of stakeholders that are involved in the development process. Our study shows that there are several barriers to development of active buildings and points out the importance of energy policy mechanisms to support the development. It is necessary to introduce new measures in order to financially encourage the stakeholders and motivate the end-users to invest in smart grid technologies. The elimination of the intersectoral barriers and the promotion of cooperation amongst stakeholders could pave the way for a more efficient and smarter grid.

  • 16.
    Bulut, Mehmet Börühan
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Karlsson, Björn
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    The role of buildings in the energy system: Intersectoral barriers to future developments2013In: The role of buildings in the energy system - intersectoral barriers to future developments, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Residential energy consumption has a significant share in the final energy use in Sweden. Despite this relationship, it is hard to say that there is cooperation between the building and energy sectors for energy issues in buildings. In the grid of the future, buildings will no longer be a passive element of the electricity system; instead, they will acquire an active role in the operation of the grid. The cooperation between the building and energy sectors could play a key role for a successful development of smart grid technologies in buildings.In this paper, we describe the Swedish case and analyse the barriers to cooperation between the energy and building companies with the help of interviews with several stakeholders. This study showed that there is a demand for new business models in order to accommodate smart grid developments in buildings. Collective projects and new roles that reduce the power differences and barriers between the two sectors could contribute to the cooperation and support the development of future energy services in buildings.

  • 17.
    Bulut, Mehmet Börühan
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Stigson, Peter
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Cooperation for climate-friendly developments: An analysis of the relationship between the energy and buildings sectors in Sweden2016In: Energy Efficiency, ISSN 1570-646X, E-ISSN 1570-6478, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 353-370Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Buildings account for more than 40 % of the total energy demand in the European Union (EU). The energy sector is responsible for 80 % of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the EU, of which more than a third are emitted as a result of energy use in buildings. Given these numbers and the large potential for energy savings in buildings, the energy and buildings sectors emerged as key contributors to fulfilling the European climate targets. Effective cooperation between these two key sectors can contribute significantly to the efficacy of the European climate strategy. However, there may be factors that negatively impact the relationship between the energy and buildings sectors and put cooperation in climate-friendly developments at risk. Based on 23 semi-structured interviews and a web survey answered by key stakeholders, this paper provides a snapshot of the current level of cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors in Sweden and identifies factors that impact the interdependencies between the two sectors.

    The findings show that the current business models in energy supply and the regulations in place limit the development of mutually beneficial cases between the energy and buildings sectors. This paper contributes to improved knowledge for policymaking that affects both sectors and highlights issues for further study.

  • 18.
    Campillo, Javier
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Is real-time electricity pricing suitable for residential users without demand-side management?2016In: Energy Journal, ISSN 0195-6574, E-ISSN 1944-9089, Vol. 109, p. 310-325Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The smart metering infrastructure in Sweden allows electricity providers to offer electricity RTP (real time pricing) to homeowners, together with other dynamic pricing contracts across the country. These contracts are supposed to encourage users to shift power consumption during peak hours to help balance the load in the power system. Of all the available contracts in Sweden, monthly-average price holds the largest share, in response to the low electricity prices during the last three years. It is not clear if RTP will become a popular dynamic pricing scheme since daily price fluctuations might keep customers away from this type of contract. Literature review suggests that RTP adoption is only beneficial when combined with the use of customer demand flexibility, but it does not provide enough information about users adopting RTP without changing their electricity usage profile. This paper studies the economic impact if customers would shift to RTP contracts without adopting demand-side management. To achieve this, electricity costs from a large group of households were calculated and compared between both pricing schemes using the hourly consumption data of a 7-year period. Results suggest that the RTP electricity contract offer a considerable economic savings potential even without enabling consumer demand-side management. 

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  • 19.
    Campillo, Javier
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering.
    Torstensson, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Cartagena, Colomb.
    Energy Demand Model Design for Forecasting Electricity Consumption and Simulating Demand Response Scenarios in Sweden2012In: / [ed] J. Yan, 2012Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The introduction of a deregulated power system market and development of smart-metering technologies in Sweden, bring new opportunities for fully exploiting its power system efficiency and reliability, such as price-based demand response (DR) programs at a large scale for household, commercial and industrial users. 

    The deployments of these DR programs require, however, very accurate demand forecasting models. The traditional approach of obtaining the total energy use and peak demand does not offer the required detailed information. This article reviews several methodologies for forecasting electricity consumption from a bottom-up perspective in order to define the required parameters and structure for obtaining an energy model. This model will finally include energy usage data, behavioural parameters obtained from a survey conducted with 5 000 end-users in different Swedish distribution system operators’ areas, and physical conditions for the facilities (internal/external temperatures and insulation materials). This information is provided from previous research studies performed at Mälardalen University and Swedish electric utilities companies. 

    The obtained model should be able to adjust its parameters dynamically in order to simulate several demand-response scenarios based on four different strategies: time of use pricing, use of curtailable/interruptible rates, imposition of penalties for usage beyond predetermined levels, and real time pricing.

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    ICAE2012_J_Campillo_V3-120427
  • 20.
    Campillo, Javier
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Economic Impact of Dynamic Electricity Pricing Mechanisms Adoption fo rHouseholds in Sweden2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Global smart metering market growth has increased significantly over the past few years and the trend is expected to continue. Smart metering technology enables energy consumption feedback and the adoption of dynamic pricing mechanisms that encourages users to shift power consumption from peak-use times to lower-use times, in order to help balance the load in the power system. In Sweden particularly, the introduction of the new legislation and adoption of remote meters in 2009, in combination with more flexible pricing schemes, offer a great opportunity for users to reduce energy consumption during peak times, increase their energy efficiency and therefore reduce their overall cost. More recently, in 2012, Swedish energy providers started offering hourly spot-based electricity price to homeowners in order give them access to pricing mechanisms that are closer to the real cost of electricity supply. Additionally to hourly pricing, other dynamic pricing contracts are available for consumers all across the country; however, conventional agreements that use fixed-rates for electricity are still the most common. This paper analyzes the economic impact for consumers, if dynamic pricing, enabled through smart metering technologies, is adopted. To achieve this, electricity costs from a large group of households were calculated, using users’ hourly consumption data with both conventional fixed rates and real time pricing, in order to understand their impact on customers’ bills. Obtained results suggest that real time pricing has great savings potential, especially for years where summer rainfall and winter conditions are within average. However, in order to increase savings and have them consistent year after year, changes in user time-of-use consumption profile are required. Moreover, this research work leads to further analysis on dynamic pricing combined with demand response in order to optimize electricity costs.

  • 21.
    Campillo, Javier
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Electricity Demand Impact from Increased use of Ground Sourced Heat Pumps2012In: IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, 2012, p. Artnr. 6465876-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The use of ground-sourced heat pumps as main heating systems has increased in Sweden in the last fifteen years to the point that it is the country with the highest amount of GSHP in Europe. Heat pumps are chosen by many households due to their economic savings value; In contrast, electricity prices in Sweden have almost doubled since 2006, threatening their economic benefits. It is therefore, essential to understand GSHPs impact on the user´s electricity consumption and provide suitable demand-response programs that could help develop a model capable of forecasting consumption and provide decision support information to make the best use of the technology. This paper analyses questionnaire surveys and consumption patterns were evaluated for 322 households with installed GSHPs and different pricing schemes in order to increase the understanding of mass use of this type of heating system.

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    JCampillo_ISGT2012_HeatPumps
  • 22.
    Chirumalla, Koteshwar
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Toorajipour, Reza
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Johansson, Glenn
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Configurations for second-life operations of electric vehicle batteries: A guiding framework for ecosystem management2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Firms need multi-stakeholder ecosystems to create successful second-life business models for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. However, there is a lack of guiding instrumentsto support the process of strategizing and managing the EV battery ecosystem for secondlife operations. The purpose of this study is to propose a guiding framework that could support firms in the EV battery ecosystem to establish and manage various configurations for second-life operations. The study developed a framework with four configuration phases—namely, firm-level initiation, ecosystem construction, firm-level optimization, and ecosystem orchestration. Based on these phases, the paper describes three configuration pathways to establish and manage second-life operations

  • 23.
    Chukwuma Leonard, Leonard
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering.
    Nehrenheim, Emma
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering.
    Karlsson, Björn
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering.
    Chowdhury, S.P.
    University of Cape Town.
    Chowdhury, Sunetra
    University of Cape Town.
    Using Renewable Energy Paradigm as a Tool for Sustainable Village Concept (SVC) in Africa2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Thorin, Eva
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    How to save energy to reach a balance between production and consumption of heat, electricity and fuels for vehicles2011In: International Green Energy Conference (IGEC-6) Anadolu University / [ed] Hikmet Karakoc, Eskeshir, 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a potential to utilize a significant amount of renewable energy in Sweden and EU. Biomass can fulfil some 8 500- 12 500 TWh/y in EU, while the total utilization was 16 084 TWh/y 2009. Even though there is a significant amount of wind power, hydro power and potentially also solar power, it still is most economical to reduce the consumption of heat, electricity and fuels for vehicles. A saved kWh is normally cheaper than to produce one extra. In this paper different opportunities for saving energy will be discussed. This includes manufacturing industries, process industries, power plants and energy systems including distribution of power and smart grids, food production and transportation. There is also a major potential to save energy in buildings, both in the north where it is cold, and in the south where it can be very hot summertime. Here the potential is to avoid cooling instead. Technical solutions as well as economic incentives will be covered. Environmental aspects will be addressed, so that the solutions will be long term sustainable.

     

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  • 25.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Thorin, Eva
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    How to save energy to reach a balance between production and consumptionof heat, electricity and fuels for vehicles2012In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 46, no 1, p. 16-20Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a potential to utilize a significant amount of renewable energy in Sweden and European union(EU). Biomass can fulfil some 8500e12,500 TW h/y in EU, while the total utilization was 16,084 TW h/y2009. Even though there is a significant amount of wind power, hydro power and potentially also solarpower, it still is most economical to reduce the consumption of heat, electricity and fuels for vehicles. Asaved kWh is normally cheaper than to produce one extra. In this paper different opportunities for savingenergy will be discussed. This includes manufacturing industries, process industries, power plants andenergy systems including distribution of power and smart grids, food production and transportation.There is also a major potential to save energy in buildings, both in the north where it is cold, and in thesouth where it can be very hot summer time. Here the potential is to avoid cooling instead. Technicalsolutions as well as economic incentives are covered. Environmental aspects are addressed, so that thesolutions will be long term sustainable.

  • 26.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Thorin, Eva
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Yan, Jinyue
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    OPTIMIZATION OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM TO ACHIEVE A NATIONAL BALANCE WITHOUT FOSSIL FUELS2011In: International Journal of Green Energy, ISSN 1543-5075, E-ISSN 1543-5083, Vol. 8, no 6, p. 684-704Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article, the overall energy balance for Sweden and to some extent EU27 is discussed. It deals with the reduction of the total consumption in industrial, transport, and domestic sectors through more efficient vehicles, industrial processes, and buildings and individual behavior. The conclusion is that it should be relatively easy for Sweden to reach a sustainable society if the political will, in the form of policies and incentives, is present. It would also be possible for the EU27 to reach a sustainable society, although it would be more demanding (challenging?).

  • 27.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Yan, Jinyue
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Optimization of the energy system to achieve a national balance without fossil fuels2010In: International Green Energy Conference, IGEC-V June 1-3, 2010, Waterlo, Ontario, Canada / [ed] Xianguo Li, Waterloo,Canda: University publications , 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we discuss the overall balance for Sweden and to some extent EU27 with respect to both power and heat production in relation to how the energy is utilized. This includes transportation, where we compare the system of today with a possible future system with hybrid-electric vehicles, renewable fuels and reductions of total consumption, through both better vehicles, as well as better logistics for transportation of goods. Concerning industry use energy improvements through more efficient industrial processes is discussed. For households, offices and manufacturing industries energy efficient buildings and individual behavior with respect to energy use is discussed. New sources for power will be less stable, like wind and solar power. A special focus is on biomass utilization and production. This also includes food. The situation today is compared to the potential balance after implementation of the actions discussed in the paper. The overall conclusion is that it should be relatively easy for Sweden to reach a sustainable society, if just the political will is present. It is also shown that there is a good potential also for the complete EU 27, but the actions are significantly more demanding to reach the balance, although in no way impossible.

  • 28.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Chirumalla, Koteshwar
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Toorajipour, Reza
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Johansson, Glenn
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation. Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
    Balancing Power in Sweden Using Different Renewable Resources, Varying Prices, and Storages Like Batteries in a Resilient Energy System2023In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 16, no 12, p. 4734-4734Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, balancing electricity production using renewable energy such as wind power, PV cells, hydropower, and CHP (combined heat and power) with biomass is carried out in relation to electricity consumption in primarily one major region in Sweden, SE-3, which contains 75% of the country's population. The time perspective is hours and days. Statistics with respect to power production and consumption are analyzed and used as input for power-balance calculations. How long periods are with low or high production, as well as the energy for charge and discharge that is needed to maintain a generally constant power production, is analyzed. One conclusion is that if the difference in production were to be completely covered with battery capacity it would be expensive, but if a large part of the difference were met by a shifting load it would be possible to cover the rest with battery storage in an economical way. To enhance the economy with battery storage, second-life batteries are proposed to reduce the capital cost in particular. Batteries are compared to hydrogen as an energy carrier. The efficiency of a battery system is higher than that of hydrogen plus fuel cells, but in general much fewer precious materials are needed with an H-2/fuel-cell system than with batteries. The paper discusses how to make the energy system more robust and resilient.

  • 29.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, Department of Public Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, Department of Public Technology.
    Dhak, Janice
    Mälardalen University, Department of Public Technology.
    Experiences of on-line and off-line simulation in Pulp and Paper industry2004In: Proceedings of the PTS-symposium, 2004Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 30.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Karlsson, Björn
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    A fossil fuel free Europe need new incentives and a better control to balance power production and demand2011In: SAUPEC 2011 July 13-15 at Cape Town University, South Africa / [ed] SP Chowdrury, Cape Town: Cape Town University Press , 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In EU27 today there is a production of approximately 1000 TWh/ electric power from nuclear and 350 TWh/y from hydro power. The solar power potential is probably around 200 TWh/y. The wind power production is approximately 100 TWh/y but with a potential of at least 1000 TWh/y. The total biomass resources available are in the range 8500-12000 TWh/y. This gives a total of 10 000 – 15 000 TWh/y, from which at least 4000 TWh/y as electric power. This can be compared to the present gross energy use in EU 27 that was 16 084 TWh 2009, and 3400 TWh/y electric power. We can also see that there is a potential to save approximately 4 200 TWh/y in households, offices, transportation and industry. The energy balance thus should be possible to obtain with only non-fossil energy resources. Another matter is the power in time and by region. The demand does not always match the production locally at each moment and this demands a robust transmission and distribution network. Therefore we need new business models making it attractive for the users to reduce the load when there is a difficulty to deliver.

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    key-note speech
  • 31.
    Damir, Isovic
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering. Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Gustafsson, Christine
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    THE COPRODUCTIVE UNIVERSITY: Education and research in coproduction with the wider community2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mälardalen University has a long history of a successful cooperation and coproduction with the industry and public sector in Sweden. This has eventually led it to become one of the leading higher education institutes in Sweden for excellent coproduction with different societal actors, both internationally and nationally. The university has through its coproduction activities become convinced of its value and of the wide range of opportunities it can bring to all parties involved. In this paper, we share our experience through some good examples both from research and education and discuss what is needed for successful and sustainable coproduction with industry and public sector.

  • 32.
    Ding, Y.
    et al.
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Decker, C.
    INIT GmbH, Germany.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Beigl, M.
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    A Smart Energy system: Distributed resource management, control and optimization2011In: IEEE PES Innovative. Smart Grid Technol. Conf. Europe, 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a novel concept of distributed energy resource and consumption management, which proposes to design a networked and embedded platform for realizing a dynamic energy mix and optimizing the energy consumption dynamically. Based on heterogeneous wireless sensor networks and a local Web of Things platform, the environmental parameters and energy data can be acquired and processed in a distributed manner in real time. In order to improve understanding on how different environmental factors and user behaviors influence the end use of energy, we propose a User Profiling module to investigate the characterization of user's goals and behaviors in terms of energy consumption. Besides the wireless sensor networks, the User Profiling module acquires data also from a questionnaire which mainly concerns four categories, i.e. characteristics of the residents, electrical appliances, attitudes towards energy and building structural information. Furthermore, based on the real-time information from the sensor network platform and the user profiling module, an embedded Resource and Consumption Controller will then adapt automatically for instance the regulation processes of energy consumption in a household locally for the users, so that the costs of all energy resources will not exceed the predetermined budget and be regulated in a user-preferred way. © 2011 IEEE.

  • 33.
    Dong, Shuaili
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center. China Univ Petr, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Li, Hailong
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Avelin, Anders
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Zhang, Qi
    China Univ Petr, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Yu, Zhixin
    Univ Stavanger, Dept Energy & Petr Engn, Stavanger, Norway..
    Volatility of electricity price in Denmark and Sweden2019In: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY TRANSITIONS / [ed] Yan, J Yang, HX Li, H Chen, X, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , 2019, p. 4331-4337Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Under the pressure of global environmental climate change, all countries in the world are developing renewable energy such as hydropower, wind energy, and solar energy As a result, the electricity price varies in different patterns depending on the penetration of renewable energy. In this paper, a non-parametric model is employed to analyze the historical data of electricity spot price from Danish price areas of the Nord Pool (with high percentage of wind power), Swedish price areas of the Nord Pool (with high percentage of hydropower) and PJM market (with little renewable energy penetrated). The objective is to deeply understand the influence of renewable energies on electricity price volatility. It is found that electricity prices are more stable in Swedish price areas as hydropower is a more stable energy source. The electricity price in PJM market is also comparatively stable, only more volatile than Swedish market, as fossil fuels are dominant energy resources. For Danish price areas, the volatility of electricity prices is clearly affected by wind power, which is a highly intermittent energy resource.

  • 34.
    Frost, Anna. E.
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Maher, Azaza
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Li, Hailong
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Patterns and temporal resolution in commercial and industrial typical load profiles2017In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 105, p. 2684-2689Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 35.
    Ghaviha, Nima
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Bohlin, Markus
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Optimal Control of a Battery Train Using Dynamic Programming2015Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Electric propulsion system in trains has the highest efficiency compared to other propulsion systems (i.e. steam and diesel). Still, electric trains are not used on all the routes, due to the high setup and maintenance cost of the catenary system. Energy storage technologies and the battery driven trains however, make it possible to have the electric trains on the non-electrified routes as well. High energy consumption of the electric trains, makes the energy management of such trains crucial to get the best use of the energy storage device. This paper suggests an algorithm for the optimal control of the catenary free operation of an electric train equipped with an onboard energy storage device. The algorithm is based on the discrete dynamic programming and Bellman’s backward approach. The objective function is to minimize the energy consumption, i.e. having the maximum battery level left at the end of the trip. The constraints are the trip time, battery capacity, local speed limits and limitations on the traction motor. Time is the independent variable and distance, velocity and battery level are the state variables. All of the four variables are discretized which results in some inaccuracy in the calculations, which is discussed in the paper. The train model and the algorithm are based on the equations of motion which makes the model adjustable for all sorts of electric trains and energy storage devices. Moreover, any type of electrical constraints such as the ones regarding the voltage output of the energy storage device or the power output can be enforced easily, due to the nature of the dynamic programming. 

  • 36.
    Ghaviha, Nima
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Bohlin, Markus
    SICS - swedish institute of computer science, Sweden.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    AN ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMAL CONTROL OF AN ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT2014In: Proceedings from The 55th Conference on Simulation and Modelling (SIMS 55),21-22 October, 2014. Aalborg, Denmark, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper offers a solution for the optimal EMU train (Electric Multiple Unit) operation with the aim of minimizing the energy consumption. EMU is an electric train with traction motors in more than one carriage. The algorithm is based on dynamic programming and the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. To model the train, real data has been used, which was provided by experts from Bombardier Transportation Västerås. To evaluate the model, some experiments have been done on the energy saving in exchange for the increase in the trip time. Moreover a simple accuracy factor is introduced to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The final goal is to use this approach as a base for a driver advisory system, therefore it is important to have the amount of calculations as minimum as possible. The paper also includes the studies done on the calculation time. The solution can be used for driverless trains as well as normal trains. It should be mentioned that this paper is a part of a research which is still in progress and the final model will also be used by Bombardier Transportation Västerås as an evaluation tool for the propulsions systems and trains.

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  • 37.
    Ghaviha, Nima
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Bohlin, Markus
    SICS Swedish ICT, Sweden.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Optimal Control of an EMU Using Dynamic Programming2015In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 75, p. 1913-1919Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A model is developed for minimizing the energy consumption of an electric multiple unit through optimized driving style, based on Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation and Bellman's backward approach. Included are the speed limits, track profile (elevations), different driving modes and the train load. This paper includes aspects like the power loss in the auxiliary systems, time management, validation of the model regarding energy calculations and a study on discretization and the accuracy of the model. The model will be used as a base for a new driver advisory system. 

  • 38.
    Ghaviha, Nima
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Bohlin, Markus
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Optimal Control of an EMU Using Dynamic Programming and Tractive Effort as the Control Variable2015In: Proceedings of the 56th SIMS, Linköping University Electronic Press, Linköpings universitet, 2015, p. 377-382Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Problem of optimal train control with the aim of minimizing energy consumption is one of the old optimal control problems. During last decades different solutions have been suggested based on different optimization techniques, each including a certain number of constraints or different train configurations, one being the control on the tractive effort available from traction motor. The problem is previously solved using dynamic programming for trains with continuous tractive effort, in which velocity was assumed to be the control variable. The paper at hand presents a solution based on dynamic programming for solving the problem for trains with discrete tractive effort. In this approach, tractive effort is assumed to be the control variable. Moreover a short comparison is made between two approaches regarding accuracy and ease of application in a driver advisory system.

  • 39.
    Haifang, Lyu
    et al.
    Academy of Chinese Energy Strategy, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China.
    Li, Hailong
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center. Academy of Chinese Energy Strategy, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Bin, Xv
    Academy of Chinese Energy Strategy, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China.
    Research on Chinese Solar Photovoltaic Development Based on Green-trading Mechanisms in Power System by Using a System Dynamics Model2017In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 105, p. 3960-3965Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 40.
    Hennessy, Jay
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden.
    Li, Hailong
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Thorin, Eva
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Flexibility in thermal grids: A review of short-term storage in district heating distribution networks2019In: Energy Procedia, Elsevier Ltd , 2019, Vol. 158, p. 2430-2434Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Future energy systems need to be more flexible. The use of cross-sector coupling in combination with thermal storage in thermal grids has been shown to provide such flexibility. The presented study reviews how short-term storage in district heating distribution networks is used or modelled for flexibility, what are the most important parameters, and where the knowledge gaps remain. The results show that the potential for flexibility from district heating has not been fully exploited. Sensible thermal storage tanks are 50-100 times cheaper than electrical storage and storage in the distribution network requires little additional investment in infrastructure. In some countries, the majority of district heating systems have sensible thermal storage tanks, with as much as 64 % of their capacity available for flexibility services. Initial results suggest that only smaller networks are prevented from using the distribution network for storage, but the impacts of this type of use on the physical components and the capacity limitations remain unclear and show a need for standardised methods for analysis. There is a growing interest, both in Europe and China, in the use of short-term storage in district heating to provide flexibility, particularly in the form of ancillary services to the electricity grid, but implementations of these techniques are rare. The presented study identifies a number of remaining knowledge gaps that should be addressed in order to harness available flexibility in district heating.

  • 41.
    Hennessy, Jay
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden.
    Li, Hailong
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Thorin, Eva
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Towards smart thermal grids: Techno-economic feasibility of commercial heat-to-power technologies for district heating2018In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 228, p. 766-776Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent improvements in low-temperature heat-to-power (LTHtP) technologies have led to an increase in efficiency at lower temperatures and lower cost. LTHtP has so far not been used in district heating. The aim of the study is to establish under what conditions the use of existing LTHtP technology is technically and economically feasible using a district heating system as the heat source. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is identified as the most interesting LTHtP technology, due to its high relative efficiency and the commercial availability of devices operating at temperatures in the district heating operating range. The levelised cost of electricity of several ORC devices is calculated for temperatures found in district heating, assuming a zero cost of heat. A case study from Sweden is used to calculate the levelised cost of electricity, the net present value and payback period, based on income from the electricity produced, excluding taxes. Hourly spot market electricity prices from 2017 are used, as well as forecast scenarios for 2020, 2030 and 2040. A sensitivity study tests the importance of electricity price, cost of heat and capital/installation cost. Based on the case study, the best levelised cost of electricity achieved was 26.5 EUR/MWh, with a payback period greater than 30 years. Under current Swedish market conditions, the ORC does not appear to be economically feasible for use in district heating, but the net present value and payback period may be significantly more attractive under other countries’ market conditions or with reduced capital costs. For a positive net present value in the Swedish market the capital cost should be reduced to 1.7 EUR/W installed, or the average electricity price should be at least 35.2 EUR/MWh, if the cost of heat is zero. The cost of heat is an important factor in these calculations and should be developed further in future work.

  • 42.
    Javed, F.
    et al.
    LUMS School of Science and Engineering, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Arshad, N.
    LUMS School of Science and Engineering, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    An adaptive optimization model for power conservation in the smart grid2010In: Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2010, 2010, p. 1563-1570Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dynamically adaptive systems (DAS) such as smart grids, cloud computing applications, sensor networks and P2P networks tend to change their structure at runtime. T herefore, design-time modeling for such systems are sometimes not enough to incorporate self-* properties. To this end, we have developed a dynamic mathematical modeling framework for runtime optimizations for DAS. In this paper, we describe how our system engineers a linear programming model by using a smart-grid application for power distribution as a case-study. At runtime whenever an optimization is desired this modeling framework captures the state of the system, converts it into an appropriate linear programming model, plan the changes using mathematical manipulations and apply the changes to the actual system. Our results show that this framework is able to capture accurate runtime models of large power systems and is able to adapt itself with the change in the size or structure of the system.

  • 43.
    Javed, F.
    et al.
    School of Science and Engineering, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Arshad, N.
    School of Science and Engineering, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, Department of Public Technology.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, Department of Public Technology.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, Department of Public Technology.
    Engineering optimization models at runtime for dynamically adaptive systems2010In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems, ICECCS, 2010, p. 253-254Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dynamically adaptive systems (DAS), such as smart grids, cloud computing applications, sensor networks and P2P networks tend to change their structure at runtime. Therefore, design-time modeling for such systems are sometimes not enough for self-management. To this end, we have developed a dynamic mathematical modeling framework for runtime modeling for DAS. In this paper, we describe how our system engineers a linear programming model for self-optimization by using a smart-grid application for power distribution as a case-study. At runtime whenever, an optimization is desired this modeling framework captures the state of the system, converts it into an appropriate linear programming model, plan the changes using mathematical manipulations and apply the changes to the actual system. Our initial simulation results show that this framework is able to capture accurate runtime models of large power systems and is able to adapt itself with the change in the size or structure of the system by constructing a succinct model which is faster and more efficient than a design time model.

  • 44.
    Javed, Fahad
    et al.
    LUMS Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Comp Sci, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Arshad, Naveed
    LUMS Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Comp Sci, Lahore, Pakistan .
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Vassileva, Iana
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Dahlquist, Erik
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Forecasting for demand response in smart grids: An analysis on use of anthropologic and structural data and short term multiple loads forecasting2012In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 96, p. 150-160Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The electric grid is changing. With the smart grid the demand response (DR) programs will hopefully make the grid more resilient and cost efficient. However, a scheme where consumers can directly participate in demand management requires new efforts for forecasting the electric loads of individual consumers. In this paper we try to find answers to two main questions for forecasting loads for individual consumers: First, can current short term load forecasting (STLF) models work efficiently for forecasting individual households? Second, do the anthropologic and structural variables enhance the forecasting accuracy of individual consumer loads? Our analysis show that a single multi-dimensional model forecasting for all houses using anthropologic and structural data variables is more efficient than a forecast based on traditional global measures. We have provided an extensive empirical evidence to support our claims.

  • 45.
    Jiyang, Xie
    et al.
    Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China.
    Li, Hailong
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Zhanyu, Ma
    Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China..
    Qie, Sun
    Shandong University, China.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Zhongwei, Si
    Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China.
    Jun, Guo
    Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China.
    Analysis of Key Factors in Heat Demand Prediction with Neural Networks2017In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 105, p. 2965-2970Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    The development of heat metering has promoted the development of statistic models for the prediction of heat demand, due to the large amount of available data, or big data. Weather data have been commonly used as input in such statistic models. In order to understand the impacts of direct solar radiance and wind speed on the model performance comprehensively, a model based on Elman neural networks (ENN) was adopted, of which the results can help heat producers to optimize their production and thus mitigate costs. Compared with the measured heat demand, the introduction of wind speed and direct solar radiation has opposite impacts on the performance of ENN and the inclusion of wind speed can improve the prediction accuracy of ENN. However, ENN cannot benefit from the introduction of both wind speed and direct solar radiation simultaneously. 

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  • 46.
    Klintenberg, Patrik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Successful technology transfer: What does it take?2014In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, Vol. 130, p. 807813-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Technology transfer from developed to developing countries is often problematic. Insufficient resources for operation and maintenance after project finalization are common challenges. Findings from assessments of two projects in rural Botswana and Namibia where different renewable energy technologies were introduced to improve access to electricity are presented. In Tsumkwe, a Namibian off-grid settlement with about 4000 inhabitants, a large solar-diesel hybrid system has been constructed. A smaller system using photovoltaic and biogas is piloted in the off-grid settlement Sekhutlane in Botswana. In Sekhutlane beneficiaries' ability to pay for services is addressed by supporting local entrepreneurs to establish electricity-based businesses. Functionality of installations was inspected and semi-structured interviews were held with key stakeholders. In Tsumkwe local service providers were unprepared to take charge of operations and maintenance after completion of the project and users have difficulties paying for the services. Too strong focus on technology and insufficient efforts made to involve local institutions and beneficiaries throughout the project are main causes. The promotion of local entrepreneurship in Sekhutlane has resulted in 17 local businesses being established, likely to strengthen the cash economy and improved ability to pay for services, and thereby contributing financial resources towards operation and maintenance of systems. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

  • 47.
    Kovala, Tommy
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Industrial Economics and Organisation.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Hallin, Anette
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Industrial Economics and Organisation.
    Factors influencing industrial excess heat collaborations2016In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 88, p. 595-599Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden there is a potential to double the amount of industrial excess heat from todays 5 TWh that is delivered into district heating networks. This paper investigates factors that are influencing industrial excess heat collaborations. The paper presents result from qualitative interviews as well as answers through a more quantitative web based survey which has been sent out to stakeholders in existing Swedish industrial excess heat collaborations. This work provides new evidence on that economic motivations are the most common driver for starting up a collaboration, but well in place factors like transparency as well as investment sharing between the partners becomes important for a long-term successful collaboration.

  • 48.
    Krayem, Alaa
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Thorin, Eva
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Experiences from developing an open urban data portal for collaborative research and innovation2024In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 355, article id 122270Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The energy transition towards sustainable resources is more urgent than ever given the environmental and geopolitical challenges. Being one of the major energy users, cities need to understand their energy sector to accomplish its transition, by means of data. However, data are not easily accessible and have their own challenges. This paper presents a joint effort between researchers, city representatives and industry to provide an urban system service that supports research, accelerates urban innovation, and involves the community. An energy data portal, “NRGYHUB”, has been developed, where hourly data from thousands of energy meters are available. These meters were collected from neighborhoods in the city of Västerås, Sweden, and they measure electrical and heating energy. In addition, the data are complemented by geometrical and non-geometrical information of the buildings, as well as demographic statistics of the areas. The paper describes the process of data collection, preprocessing, and visualization, in addition to the main challenges and limitations of the project. This dataset can be used for energy use benchmarking, prediction, and analysis. 

  • 49.
    Li, Hailong
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Song, Jingjing
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Sun, Q.
    Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Zhang, Q.
    China Petroleum University, Beijing, China.
    A dynamic price model based on levelized cost for district heating2019In: Energy, Ecology and Environment, ISSN 2363-7692, Vol. 4, no 1, p. 15-25Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    District Heating (DH) is facing a tough competition in the market. In order to improve its competence, an effective way is to reform price models for DH. This work proposed a new dynamic price model based on the levelized cost of heat (LCOH) and the predicted hourly heat demand. A DH system in Sweden was used as a case study. Three methods were adopted to allocate the fuel cost to the variable costs of heat production, including (1) in proportion to the amount of heat and electricity generation; (2) in proportion to the exergy of generated heat and electricity; and (3) deducting the market price of electricity from the total cost. Results indicated that the LCOH-based pricie model can clearly reflect the production cost of heat. Through the comparison with other market-implemented price models, it was found that even though the market-implemented price models can, to certain extent, reflect the variations in heat demand, they cannot reflect the changes in production cost when different methods of heat production are involved. In addition, price model reforming can lead to a significant change in the expense of consumers and consequently, affect the selection of heating solution.

  • 50.
    Li, Hailong
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Sun, Qie
    Shandong University, China.
    Zhang, Qi
    China University of Petroleum, China.
    Wallin, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    A review of the pricing mechanisms for district heating systems2015In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 42, p. 56-65Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Heating represents the largest proportion of energy use as supplied to consumers across all end energy uses. Therefore, there is huge potential for energy savings in the heating sector in order to reduce the emission of CO2. District heating (DH) has been considered an efficient, environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for heating in buildings, and is playing an important role in the mitigation of climate change. In the interest of fairness and in the highly competitive market the DH companies operate, there is a strong need to develop a novel heat pricing mechanism in order to promote sustainable development of DH systems. In this paper, existing methods and models regarding heat pricing have been reviewed. The features of different pricing mechanisms have been analysed, including advantages and disadvantages. Insights into developing an advanced pricing mechanism for DH systems have been offered.

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