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  • 1.
    Andersson, Kin
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Predictors of re-employment: A question of attitude, behavior, or gender?2015In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 56, no 4, p. 438-446Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This longitudinal study examined the predictive value of attitudes, personal-related variables, job search behaviour, and demographic variables on re-employment among 142 assembly workers who had been made redundant. Participants completed a questionnaire within a week after leaving their jobs, and another 15 months later. Results of hierarchical logistic regression revealed that gender (being male), was the strongest predictor of re-employment. Willingness to relocate and desire to change occupation also increased the odds of re-employment 15 months after dismissal. On the other hand - having children at home and anonymous-passive job-search behaviour, which is more prevalent among women, decreased the odds for re-employment. The study is contributing to research by revealing gender differences in job search behaviour and the importance of focusing qualitative differences instead of merely quantitative measures in job-search behaviour. And even more important, despite attitude and job-search behaviour, there is still differences that seems to be related to gender and family responsibility.

  • 2.
    Back, Emma A.
    et al.
    Gothenburg Univ, Dept Psychol, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Bäck, Hanna
    Lund Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Lund, Sweden..
    Knapton, Holly M.
    Lund Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Lund, Sweden..
    Group belongingness and collective action: Effects of need to belong and rejection sensitivity on willingness to participate in protest activities2015In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 56, no 5, p. 537-544Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Engaging in political protests are becoming increasingly common, and considering the potential, individual, costs and the low probability of affecting the political outcome, it is necessary to understand the motivations behind such actions. The desire to be part of a social group is deeply rooted in human nature, and previous research proposes that the groups one belongs to may influence the decision to engage in protests. We build on this research and suggest that social exclusion, individual fear of exclusion and need to belong interact in explaining who is likely to become engaged. In two studies, one natural experiment and one lab-experiment, we show that social exclusion increase willingness to participate in protests for individuals high in both rejection sensitivity and need to belong. We conclude that contextual factors, such as exclusion or marginalization should be considered in relation to individual level personality factors when explaining who is likely to become engaged in political protests. These results are important since they suggest that some people engage in politics simply due to social reasons and are less ideologically motivated.

  • 3.
    Bergman, D.
    et al.
    Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lornudd, C.
    Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, L.
    Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
    von Thiele Schwarz, Ulrica
    Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Leader personality and 360-degree assessments of leader behavior2014In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 55, no 4, p. 389-397Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To investigate the relationship between personality and multi-source feedback, we assessed 190 health care managers by applying the Understanding Personal Potential personality test, which provides comprehensive measurement of the Big Five dimensions and eight narrower personality traits. Managers' leadership behaviors were assessed by colleagues, supervisors, a random sample of each manager's subordinates as well as the managers themselves using a 360-degree change, production, employee (CPE) instrument. Hierarchical multivariate regression analysis showed that the Big Five variables were significantly related to the Managers' leadership behavior in all CPE dimensions. Also, addition of narrow personality variables to the Big Five increased explained variance in leadership behavior. This study is the first of its kind to include the full range of viewpoints in a 360-degree instrument, along with a large number of subordinate assessments. We found that both the strength of the relationship between personality and behavior and the configuration of different predictors varied depending on who did the rating and what leadership orientation was investigated, and this observation merits further investigation. 

  • 4.
    Dimdins, Girts
    et al.
    Södertörn University; Huddinge Sweden; University of Latvia; Riga Latvia.
    Sandgren, Maria
    Södertörn University; Huddinge Sweden.
    Montgomery, Henry
    Södertörn University; Huddinge Sweden;Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden.
    Psychological variables underlying political orientations in an old and a new democracy: A comparative study between Sweden and Latvia2016In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 57, no 5, p. 437-445Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines in detail the psychological variables underlying ideological political orientation, and structure and contents of this orientation, in Sweden and Latvia. Individual political orientation is conceptualized on two dimensions: acceptance vs. rejection of social change and acceptance vs. rejection of inequality. Swedish (N = 320) and Latvian (N = 264) participants completed measures of political orientation, Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), self vs. other orientation, tolerance for ambiguity, humanism and normativism, core political values, system justification, as well as moral foundations questionnaire and portrait values questionnaire. The results showed that the relation among the measured variables was similar in both samples. Swedish participants showed stronger endorsement of egalitarian attitudes and social values, whereas we found more self-enhancing and socially conservative values and attitudes among the Latvian participants. 

  • 5.
    Eklund, Jakob
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Andersson-Stråberg, Teresia
    Stockholm University.
    Hansen, Eric M.
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    "Ive also experienced loss and fear": Effects of previous similar experience on empathy2009In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 50, no 1, p. 65-69Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although it is frequently argued that empathy is increased by similar experiences, this idea has rarely been tested. This study investigated the relationship between empathy and prior similar experience. Participants read four different stories and rated the degree of empathy they felt. They also reported the extent to which they had prior similar experience of the events in the stories. We found that these self-reports of prior similar experience increased empathy for the persons in the stories. Similar experience may be an important situational antecedent for feeling empathy for another person. Pointing out similarities among experiences may be a fruitful means of training empathy.

  • 6.
    Gustafsson, Berit M
    et al.
    Linköping university.
    Gustafsson, Per A
    Linköping university.
    Granlund, Mats
    Jönköping university.
    Proczkowska, Marie
    Linköping university.
    Almqvist, Lena
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare.
    Longitudinal pathways of engagement, social interaction skills,hyperactivity and conduct problems in preschool children2021In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 62, no 2, p. 170-184Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Preschool children’s engagement/social interaction skills can be seen as aspects of positive functioning, and also act as protective aspects of functioning.On the other hand, hyperactivity/conduct problems are risk aspects that negatively affect children’s everyday functioning. Few studies have investigatedsuch orchestrated effects on mental health in young children over time. The aims of the study are rst, to identify homogeneous groups of children havingsimilar pathways in mental health between three time points. Second, to examine how children move between time points in relation to risk and protectivefactors. Alongitudinal study over 3 years, including 197 Swedish preschool children was used. Questionnaire data collected from preschool teachers.Statistical analysis using person-oriented methods with repeated cluster analyses. Children high in engagement/social skills and low in conduct problemscontinue to function well. Children with low engagement/social skills exhibiting both hyperactivity and conduct problems continue to have problems.Children with mixed patterns of protective factors and risk factors showed mixed outcomes. The stability of children’s pathways was quite high if theyexhibited many positive protective factors but also if they exhibited many risk factors. Children exhibiting a mixed pattern of protective and risk factorsmoved between clusters in a less predictable way. That stability in mental health was related to the simultaneous occurrence of either many protectivefactors or many risk factors supports the notion of orchestrated effects. The results indicate that early interventions need to have a dual focus, includingboth interventions aimed at enhancing child engagement and interventions focused on decreasing behavior problem.

  • 7.
    Håkansson Eklund, Jakob
    Mälardalen University, Department of Social Sciences.
    Empathy and viewing the other as a subject2006In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 47, no 5, p. 399-409Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Empathy and viewing another person as a subject rather than an object are often associated in theoretical contexts, but empirical research of the relation is scarce. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between subject/object view and empathy. In Study 1, participants watched film clips and indicated their empathy for specific characters in the clips, as well as the extent to which they saw these persons as subjects and objects. The subject/object view explained some, but not all, of the differences in empathy, which raised the question of what else accounts for differences in empathy. A second study was conducted to investigate whether the difficulty of the other's situation also contributes. In Study 2, another group watched the film clips and rated the difficulty of the film character's situations in addition to empathy and subject/object view. The results of Study 2 revealed that subject view/object and perceived difficulty together explain a substantial part of differences in empathy. It was concluded that empathy is evoked primarily when a person in difficulty is viewed as a subject.

  • 8.
    Ivarsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning Linköping University, Linköping Sweden.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning Linköping University Linköping Sweden.
    Andersson, Anna Karin
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare. School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Gothilander, Jennifer
    Granlund, Mats
    School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden;Department of Mental Health Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway.
    Structural validity and internal consistency of the Strengths and Stressors in Parenting ( SSF ) Questionnaire in parents of children with developmental disabilities2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The current study investigated the structural validity and internal consistency of the Strengths and Stressors (SSF) questionnaire. The SSF is used in Swedish habilitation services to measure the positive and negative consequences that the fostering of a child with a developmental disability can have on family functioning in six domains: parent's feelings and attitudes, social life, family finances, relationship to the other parent, siblings, and professional support. The proposed six-factor model was tested with confirmatory factor analysis with data collected from 291 parents of children with developmental disabilities. The six-factor model had an acceptable fit according to most fit indices, but two items were non-significant. Overall, the internal consistency was acceptable or good. The SSF, with the proposed six-factor solution, can be a useful tool when assessing parental perspectives on the impacts of having a child with a developmental disability in clinical settings and research.

  • 9.
    Jonsdottir, IH
    et al.
    Institute of Stress Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Nordlund, A
    Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
    Ellbin, S
    Institute of Stress Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ljung, Thomas
    Mid Sweden University and Jämtland County Council, Östersund, Sweden.
    Glise, K
    Institute of Stress Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Währborg, P
    University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Sjörs, A
    Institute of Stress Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Wallin, A
    Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
    Working memory, attention and excecutive functions are still impaired after three years in patients with stress-related exhaustion2017In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 58, no 6, p. 504-509Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cognitive impairment is one of the most pronounced symptoms reported by patients with stress-related mental health problems. Impairments related to executive function and to some extent speed and attention are therefore common in patients with stress-related burnout/exhaustion. In this paper we present a follow-up of cognitive performance in patients with stress-related exhaustion several years after they initially sought medical care. Thirty patients and 27 healthy controls, mean age 49 years (SD 6.5) and 55 years (SD 6.7) respectively, were included, all of whom had undergone baseline measurements of neuropsychological functioning. The mean follow-up time was three years. Half of the patients still reported mental health problems at follow-up and over time no major changes in cognitive performance were noted. The patients still performed significantly poorer than controls with regard to cognitive functions, mainly related to speed, attention and memory function. Long-lasting impairment of cognitive functions related to speed, attention and memory function noted in patients with stress-related exhaustion should be acknowledged and taken into consideration during treatment and when discussing a return to work. Follow-up periods longer than three years are needed to explore the persistence of the cognitive impairment.

  • 10.
    Kansi, Juliska
    Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
    The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Applicability in a Swedish population sample2003In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 44, no 5, p. 441-448Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A Swedish translation of the 40-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was mailed to 410 participants, aged 21–61 years, randomly sampled from the Swedish general population. The participation rate was 62%. The applicability of a previously published seven-factor structure (Raskin & Terry) and a four-factor structure (Emmons) was investigated. The factor structure found in the present in the Swedish sample corresponded better with Emmons's version. Therefore the four-factor structure was chosen. Because the correspondence to Emmons's factor structure was not perfect, a revised NPI for Swedish use was constructed. The total scale score is usually used, although the Swedish NPI includes four subscales: Leadership/Power, Exhibitionism/Self-admiration, Superiority/Arrogance, and Uniqueness/Entitlement. For the total scale, the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.80 and the test–retest correlation was 0.93. The total scale score correlated with self-esteem as well as the interpersonal style and emotional aspects of psychopathy, supporting the validity of the scale.

  • 11.
    Loeb, Carina
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Stempel, Christiane
    Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany .
    Isaksson, Kerstin
    Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Health and Welfare.
    Social and emotional self-efficacy at work2016In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 57, no 2, p. 152-161Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research has shown that self-efficacy is often one of the most important personal resources in the work context. However, because this research has focused on cognitive and task-oriented self-efficacy, little is known about social and emotional dimensions of self-efficacy at work. The main aim of the present study was to investigate social and emotional self-efficacy dimensions at work and to compare them to a cognitive and task-oriented dimension. Scales to measure social and emotional self-efficacy at work were developed and validated and found to be well differentiated from the cognitive task-oriented occupational self-efficacy scale. Confirmatory factor analyses of data from 226 Swedish and 591 German employees resulted in four separate but correlated self-efficacy dimensions: (1) occupational; (2) social; (3) self-oriented emotional; and (4) other-oriented emotional. Social self-efficacy explained additional variance in team climate and emotional self-efficacy in emotional irritation and emotional exhaustion, over and above effects of occupational self-efficacy. Men reported higher occupational self-efficacy, whereas social and emotional self-efficacy revealed no clear gender differences. The scales have strong psychometric properties in both Swedish and German language versions. The positive association between social self-efficacy and team climate, and the negative relationships between self-oriented emotional self-efficacy and emotional irritation and emotional exhaustion may provide promising tools for practical applications in work settings such as team-building, staff development, recruitment or other training programs aiming for work place health promotion. The next step will be to study how social and emotional self-efficacy relate to leadership, well-being and health over time.

  • 12. Lövenhag, S.
    et al.
    Larm, P.
    Åslund, C.
    Nilsson, Kent W.
    Antisocial behavior reduces the association between subdimensions of ADHD symptoms and alcohol use in a large population-based sample of adolescents2015In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 56, no 5, p. 489-497Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of antisocial behavior on reducing the association between subdimensions of ADHD symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity) and alcohol use. Boys and girls were analyzed separately using a population-based Swedish adolescent sample. A randomly selected cross-sectional survey was performed in secondary and upper secondary schools in Västmanland County during 2010. Participants were a population of 2,439 15-16 year-olds and 1,425 17-18 year-olds (1,947 girls and 1,917 boys). Psychosocial adversity, antisocial behaviors, symptoms of ADHD and alcohol use were assessed by questionnaires. Except for girls' inattention, subdimensions of ADHD symptoms were not associated with alcohol use when variance due to antisocial behavior was accounted for. Among boys, instead of an indirect effect of antisocial behavior on the association between impulsivity and alcohol use, a moderating effect was found. Among girls, the inattention component of ADHD was independently associated with alcohol use even when adjusted for antisocial behavior. The reduced associations between symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and alcohol use for boys and girls after adjusting for antisocial behavior suggest a considerable overlap between hyperactivity, impulsivity, and antisocial behavior. The direct pathway between inattention and alcohol use among girls suggests that girls with inattention symptoms are at risk of alcohol use regardless of antisocial behavior. Special attention should be given to these girls. Accounting for antisocial behavior reduced the relation between subdimensions of ADHD symptoms and alcohol use, and antisocial behaviors should therefore be screened for when symptoms of ADHD are present.

  • 13.
    Olsson, Ingrid
    et al.
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Child & Youth Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Hagekull, Berit
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Psychol, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Giannotta, Fabrizia
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Psychol, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Åhlander, Camilla
    Sormland Cty Council, Nykoping, Sweden.
    Adolescents and social support situations.2016In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, Vol. 57, no 3, p. 223-32Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study concerned adolescents' needs for social support with a focus on specific situations. The Adolescent Need for Social Support Questionnaire (ANSSQ) was developed based on qualitative interviews with typically developing adolescents about situations in which they need parent support. The questionnaire was tested on a sample of 380 Swedish 15-year-olds. A 3-component structure reflecting the dimensions "Home and school", "Low mood", and "Sex and alcohol" was tested in SEM analyses. Scales based on these dimensions, measuring support from parents and peers, yielded satisfactory psychometric results. Parent support was preferred over peer support for "Home and school" situations; in the other two areas peers were more likely to be the support providers. Females turned more often to parents and friends for support than males. Seeking parental support was positively related to adolescent disclosure and negatively related to adolescent secrecy, indicating convergent and discriminant validity. Further validation of the ANSSQ is discussed. The current study points to possibilities for adapting measures of social support to contexts.

  • 14.
    Svindseth, Marit
    et al.
    National University of Science and Technology.
    Sørebø, Øystein
    Buskerud University College.
    Nøttestad, Jim Aage
    National University of Science and Technology.
    Roaldset, John Olav
    National University of Science and Technology.
    Wallin, Juliska
    Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology.
    Dahl, Alv A.
    University of Oslo.
    Psychometric examination and normative data for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory 29 item version: Personality and Social Sciences2009In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 50, no 2, p. 151-159Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is commonly used in empirical studies of narcissism. Few population-based studies have been published. Our aim was to do a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the NPI 29 item version with a four-factor structure, in two population-based samples and in a patient sample, and present normative population-based data. The NPI-29 was filled in by 324 respondents from the Norwegian population, 231 from the Swedish population and 167 Norwegian psychiatric patients. The four-factor structure of the NPI-29 with Leadership/Power, Exhibitionism/Self-admiration, Superiority/Arrogance and Uniqueness/Entitlement was reproduced in these samples. The CFA models showed good fit indices in all samples. Mean scores on the NPI-29 and four subscales hardly differed between the samples. For the NPI-29 total score and factors, few significant differences were observed. CFA of the samples supported the factor structure of the NPI-29 formerly identified by principal component analysis of the Swedish population sample.

  • 15. Tulviste, Tiia
    et al.
    Mizera, Luule
    De Geer, Boel
    Tryggvason, Marja-Terttu
    Södertörn University College.
    Cultural, contextual and gender differences in peer talk2010In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 51, no 4, p. 319-325Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Vadlin, S.
    et al.
    Centre for Clinical Research, Central Hospital Västerås, S-721 89 Västerås, Sweden.
    Åslund, C.
    Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Central Hospital Västerås, Västerås, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Kent W.
    Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Central Hospital Västerås, Västerås, Sweden.
    Development and content validity of a screening instrument for gaming addiction in adolescents: The Gaming Addiction Identification Test (GAIT)2015In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 56, no 4, p. 458-466Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study describes the development of a screening tool for gaming addiction in adolescents - the Gaming Addiction Identification Test (GAIT). Its development was based on the research literature on gaming and addiction. An expert panel comprising professional raters (n = 7), experiential adolescent raters (n = 10), and parent raters (n = 10) estimated the content validity of each item (I-CVI) as well as of the whole scale (S-CVI/Ave), and participated in a cognitive interview about the GAIT scale. The mean scores for both I-CVI and S-CVI/Ave ranged between 0.97 and 0.99 compared with the lowest recommended I-CVI value of 0.78 and the S-CVI/Ave value of 0.90. There were no sex differences and no differences between expert groups regarding ratings in content validity. No differences in the overall evaluation of the scale emerged in the cognitive interviews. Our conclusions were that GAIT showed good content validity in capturing gaming addiction. The GAIT needs further investigation into its psychometric properties of construct validity (convergent and divergent validity) and criterion-related validity, as well as its reliability in both clinical settings and in community settings with adolescents. © 2015 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  • 17.
    Vadlin, Sofia
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Clin Res Ctr, Vasteras, Sweden..
    Aslund, Cecilia
    Uppsala Univ, Clin Res Ctr, Vasteras, Sweden..
    Rehn, Mattias
    Uppsala Univ, Clin Res Ctr, Vasteras, Sweden..
    Nilsson, Kent W.
    Uppsala Univ, Clin Res Ctr, Vasteras, Sweden..
    Psychometric evaluation of the adolescent and parent versions of the Gaming Addiction Identification Test (GAIT)2015In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 56, no 6, p. 726-735Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of the study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Gaming Addiction Identification Test (GAIT) and its parent version (GAIT-P), in a representative community sample of adolescents and parents in Vastmanland, Sweden. Self-rated and parent-rated gaming addictive symptoms identified by GAIT and GAIT-P were analyzed for frequency of endorsement, internal consistency, concordance, factor structure, prevalence of Internet gaming disorder (IGD), concurrence with the Gaming Addiction Scale for Adolescents, 7-item version (GAS) and the parent version of GAS (GAS-P), and for sex differences. The 12-month prevalence of IGD was found to be 1.3% with GAIT and 2.4% with GAIT-P. Results also indicate promising psychometric results within this population, with high internal consistency, and high concurrent validity with GAS and GAS-P. Concordance between adolescents and parents ratings was high, although moderate in girls. Although exploratory factor analysis indicated poor model fit, it also indicated unidimensionality and high factor loadings in all analyses. GAIT and GAIT-P are suitable for continued use in measuring gaming addiction in adolescents, and, with the additional two items, they now cover all nine IGD criteria.

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