The purpose of this study was to examine the social relationship and social support at the daily work. Furthermore, this study aimed to create an understanding of the importance of social relations and support between employees and supervisors within an organization. For this purpose, 10 interviews were conducted with employees and supervisors from one municipality and two authorities.

The study showed that strong working relationship and social support within a workplace and between supervisors and employees can create the prerequisite for a higher efficiency and better health among employees. Furthermore, the study showed that a good relationship and support between supervisors and employees can increase the motivation and feeling of a strong entity among employees. The result of the study also indicated the importance of a strong structure build buy a good dialogue and support between supervisors and employees within an organization.

In today's modern work environment, the demand for innovation and creativity is crucial for the survival and success of organizations. The role of leadership is central in creating an environment that promotes creativity and idea generation among employees. This study aims to investigate the role of transformational leadership in creating an environment that promotes creativity and idea generation among employees in technology companies. The method section carefully describes the research methodology and the selection of respondents, as well as the conduct of the interviews and the J&D test. In the study, three different respondent groups were interviewed: two employees, two managers and an informant, in order to answer the research question. The results of these interviews provided insights into how transformative leadership promotes creativity and idea generation in the workplace. Furthermore, issues related to research ethics and how these have been handled and taken into account during the research process are also discussed. In the theory section, the concept of leadership is defined and three different leadership styles are discussed: transformative, transactional and servant leadership. Furthermore, the concept of creativity is explored, including individual, group and organizational creativity, as well as innovation and idea generation. In the empirical section, the results of the interviews and the J&D test are presented. The interviews have been analyzed using the thematic analysis method and organized under different themes, each of which is linked to a specific overarching theme. The analysis from the interviews shows that transformative leaders create an environment that inspires and engages employees, while challenging traditional thought patterns and encouraging divergent thinking. The results of the J&D test provide further insight into the creative abilities of the participants and show that these technology companies with a transformative leadership have a favorable work environment for individual creativity and idea generation. The conclusion is that transformative leadership is crucial for fostering creativity and idea generation within technology companies, and such a leadership style is a key factor for successful innovation processes.

Kärlek är en omfattande del i människans liv, hur vi uttrycker kärlek varierar och enligt Chapman (1992) finns det fem kärleksspråk som människan använder: bekräftande ord, tjänster, fysisk beröring, kvalitetstid samt gåvor. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur män och kvinnor visar kärlek i en romantisk relation samt om det finns ett dominant kärleksspråk och om det skiljer sig mellan män och kvinnor.  Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes varav två var parintervjuer, totalt deltog sju kvinnor och fem män. Intervjuerna tematiserades med hjälp av de fem kärleksspråken och sex teman identifierades: respekt, tillit och frihet, tjänster för att förenkla vardagen, kvalitetstid genom att ha roligt ihop, kommunikation och bekräftande ord, fysisk beröring, gåvor. Resultatet visade att deltagarna uppvisade en blandning av de fem kärleksspråken men även att de uttrycker kärlek på andra sätt som visade sig vara viktiga i relationen. Resultatet visade dessutom att inget dominant kärleksspråk kunde identifieras. 

In the realm of work environment improvements, the Nordic countries have led the way in demonstrating that employee participation is a key requisite for achieving improvements. Despite this, there is a lack of precision as to what ‘participatory’ in a participatory work environment intervention means. In this study, the authors present a conceptual model for participation in work environment interventions and apply it to protocols and manuals from eight participatory interventions to determine the form of participation used in each intervention. The authors suggest that the conceptual model can be applied in the design and assessment of participatory work environment interventions. 

Background: Registered nurses’ work-related stress, dissatisfaction and burnout are some of the problems in the healthcare and that negatively affect healthcare quality and patient care. A prerequisite for sustained high quality at work is that the registered nurses are motivated. High motivation has been proved to lead to better working results. The theory of inner work life describes the dynamic interplay between a person's perceptions, emotions and motivation and the three key factors for a good working life: nourishment, progress and catalysts. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore registered nurses’ workday events in relation to inner work life theory, to better understand what influences registered nurses to remain in work. Design: A qualitative explorative study with an ethnographic approach. Methods: Participant observation over four months; in total 56 h with 479 events and 58 informal interviews during observation; all registered nurses employed at the unit (n = 10) were included. In addition, individual interviews were conducted after the observation period (n = 9). The dataset was analysed using thematic analysis and in the final step of the analysis the categories were reflected in relation to the three key factors in theory of inner work life. Results: Nourishment in a registered nurse context describes the work motivation created by the interpersonal support between colleagues. It was important to registered nurses that physicians and colleagues respected and trusted their knowledge in the daily work, and that they felt comfortable asking questions and supporting each other. Progress in the context of registered nurses’ work motivation was the feeling of moving forward with a mix of small wins and the perception of solving more complex challenges in daily work. It was also fundamental to the registered nurses’ development through new knowledge and learning during daily work. Catalysts, actions that directly facilitate the work, were highlighted as the possibility to work independently along with the opportunity to work together with other registered nurses. Conclusion: This study has a number of implications for future work and research on creating an attractive workplace for registered nurses. Working independently, with colleagues from the same profession, integrated with learning, visible progress, and receiving feedback from the work itself, contribute to work motivation. 

Considering the population density of urban areas, their levels of consumption and emissions, their influence on social equality and inclusion, and the resources and power allocated to urban actors, it is important to examine how municipalities organize work as they proceed to implement Agenda 2030 and to what effect. A systematic literature review is used to analyse 77 articles, published between 2017 and 2022, that examine the sustainability activities of municipal actors in Europe. Two themes are identified and explained: a) a paradigm shift in local government; b) the mobilization of socio-technical approaches (e.g., smart cities and regenerative land use). Also, the limitations of the literature and some areas for future research are discussed: research comparing practices across regions and countries; research analysing the interaction of different initiatives within a municipality; and research examining the role of municipal companies.

This article explores how issues of shared responsibility are negotiated in the realm of managing collaborative efforts between organizational actors for sustainable urban development abiding to the Agenda 2023 – with a particular focus on the rhetorical resources used in such negotiations. Through empirical material from recorded meetings in a one-year project at a municipal company, the article contributes to previous literature on collaborative ways of organizing and managing complex public challenges. With a focus on the discursive construction of shared responsibility, the concept of in-here-ness is introduced to denote accepted and assumed responsibility, which may shift through the use of pronouns: from a narrow ‘I’ or ‘we’ of stakeholders to a wider ‘we’ of collaborating parties. The article further contributes to the empirical field of sustainable development at the municipal level.

he aim of this article is to elucidate and discuss the results of the 2016 Diversity Barometer (Mångfaldsbarometern) and compare these results with those obtained from ten years of the longitudinal Diversity Barometers for 2005?2014. An additional aim is to demonstrate whether and how Swedish people?s experiences of and attitudes toward people with a foreign background and ethnic diversity have changed.A random sample of the Swedish population took part in the annual study, which was carried out in the form of a nationwide postal survey. The results show that negative attitudes toward ethnic and cultural diversity in general, and migrant population in particular, have increased to some extent and with respect to certain issues. Views on diversity in relation to culture and religion ? especially Islam ? were more negative than views on diversity in relation to work. Those who have larger experience of contact with foreigners show a more positive attitude toward diversity compared with those with limited experience and contact. Individuals who have higher education, those who identify themselves as female, younger persons and those living in large cities are more positive than other groups. In our analysis of the empirical data, we proceeded from a social work perspective and applied contact theory and group conflict theories relating attitudes to group position.

This article aims to discuss changes in attitudes towards immigrants in Sweden from 2015 onwards, based on the results of the longitudinal Diversity Barometer studies from 2005-2014, 2016 and 2018. The Diversity Barometer studies are based on a national, representative, and randomly selected sample from the Swedish population, with a new sample selected each time. We have analyzed the changes from a sociological perspective, using theories such as contact theory and group conflict theory. The results show an increase in negative attitudes towards ethic and cultural diversity generally, and towards immigrants specifically. Diversity in culture and religion – especially towards Islam – is more negatively perceived as compared to diversity in the work domain. Societal groups with extensive experience from contact with foreigners, those who identify themselves as women, those who are more educated, younger people and city dwellers, have all a more positive attitude towards diversity than others.

This master's thesis explores the distinction between virtual and physical trade fairs from the user’s perspective. The environmental cues and the design of a real physical stand were used to investigate the visitors’ opinion on the stand in a non-immersive virtual system. The study used interpretivism as a research philosophy to portray a concrete idea of the natural world versus the things occurring in the individuals' minds directing the investigation and the social impacts through an abductive approach were used to understand the world better and make sense of the data to test the newly developed theory of future trade exhibitions. A cross-sectional qualitative methodology through a customer-oriented participatory approach used interviews as a qualitative data collection. The study was done in collaboration with a business partner, Company A, who provided us with the prototype of the virtual stand, and other secondary data.  The aim is to enhance customer experience and to better understand how end-users perceive virtual exhibitions. The results indicated that replicating the same experience of a physical trade exhibition in virtual reality will give fewer satisfying results for users as both the cues and touchpoints were less effective virtually. Consequently, the users had other suggestions to improve their virtual experience such as increasing the engagement factor or creating a unique experience for virtual reality. 

Partnering seeks to re-cast relations between actors in projects by promoting the use of collaborative, more open, less managerial and less hierarchical relationships. The advantages of partnering for project participants include better communication leading to improved learning, more informed decision making and increased effectiveness. In this paper we draw on two case studies to show how changing commercial pressures, in the context of already fragile relationships, can quickly lead to the abandonment of partnering. Partnering contracts require a high level of commitment from suppliers, not least in resource terms, and so their potential failure must be regarded as a source of risk. To manage this risk, and make more informed decisions about the relationships they are entering into, we caution that project actors, particularly those occupying commercially weak positions in the relationship, take a hard look at the risks as well as the benefits. 

Sense-making is a well-established perspective in strategic management and organization studies but to date has had little impact on the analysis of project management theory and practice. In this paper, we draw upon insights from the sense-making literature to consider the management of complex long-term service-led engineering projects, which combine the supply of capital goods or infrastructure with a long-term service provision. Using a case study of the Pendolino tilting train, we illustrate how significant discontinuities gave rise to the need for sense-making by the different project participants and stakeholders and how the various narratives expressed by different social groupings shaped the management and progress of the project. 

A range of theories (actor-network theory, multinodality, and sense making) are drawn together into a single model of project management processes in order to discuss project success and failure. It is argued that success and failure can be characterized in terms of a continuum between project convergence and divergence. The causes of divergence and convergence are discussed with reference to the above theories using four illustrative case studies.

Concerned with the management of complex long-term engineering projects, this important volume, of great interest to postgraduate students of business, technology management and engineering, reports on a set of rich, novel and unique findings concerning the conduct and management of three high profile and complex projects.

The major investments which constitute complex long-term projects represent an increasingly important source of economic activity, often with particularly significant consequences for economic growth and public policy. This informative volume expertly contributes to broader debates concerning new organizational forms, knowledge management and organizational learning and the management of innovation in project-based settings.

Mental ill-health among young people has increased in the past decades in Sweden as well as in other western countries. When mental ill-health is connected with social vulnerability such as difficulties in completing education, unemployment or substance abuse you may be considered to have “complex needs”. This paper presents findings from a project (2016-2018) in two municipalities. The data consists of semi-structured interviews from two sub studies. One with 13 young persons (15-25 years) who have been or are recipients of long-term support from social services as well as psychiatric care, and one with 24 professionals from social services and psychiatric care. The aim is to investigate young people’s and professionals’ experiences of work practices aiming at increased well-being for young people labelled as having complex needs. The research questions are: What barriers for work practices for sustainable support are there from the young people’s perspective? How to overcome work practice barriers for giving sustainable support, from the professionals’ perspective? The questions are reflected in three themes; empowerment, relationships and collaboration. Barriers mentioned by the young people are high employee turnover as well as too many professionals involved in activities. Professionals might have their own ideas about what should be done, not taking the wishes of the young person into consideration to a satisfying level. In collaboration between different organizations, the professionals consider it important with at least one person who has the influence in several of them. To take the young person seriously as well as staying on in difficult times are considered important. We argue that the expression complex needs, when used as a way to categorize young people, may obscure that the problem also lies with highly specialized and complex welfare state organizations.  They do not always succeed in catering for the interconnected needs of their clients.

It’s of great importance to implant innovation in organisations that act in an influenced and changeable environment. An organisation that’s affected by for example political decisions has a bigger challenge facing this. We also see that organisations within the service sector and mainly services that occur close to people have a more difficult task when it comes to the subject innovation. There is a limit in efficiency and development within organisations who acts in this area. Because the world always changes we think that organisations always need to face this to be able to deliver, and then it’s important that service companies are aware of the importance of innovation. Innovation within organising need not mean a whole new way of organising, but it can point out knowledge and its flow in the company. Even new ways of thinking who permeates an organisation can be the start of implanting a more innovative environment. We believe that a more proactive action can gain organisations development and efficiency. By this we mean that organisations can work more with their visions of the future and work more active with predicting the future and what it can offer. This can in turn gain implanting of innovation in companies.

Den kognitiva funktionsnedsättningen som kommer till följd av demenssjukdomen är något som biståndshandläggare möter på dagligen. Detta är en utmaning i beaktandet av klientens självbestämmanderätt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka biståndshandläggares upplevelse av att arbeta med dementa klienter. Vidare undersöktes utmaningar i arbetet samt hur biståndshandläggare beaktade självbestämmanderätten och förhöll sig till anhöriginflytande. Metoden som använts i studien var kvalitativ metod och baserade sig på semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuer genomfördes med fem biståndshandläggare från en biståndsenhet i en mellanstor svensk kommun. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien var Empowerment, Gräsrotsbyråkrati och Gerotranscendensteori. Studien har visat på att biståndshandläggares arbete försvåras av att klienten saknar sjukdomsinsikt och förståelse för sina behov. Vidare har det framkommit att biståndshandläggare upplever självbestämmanderätten vara central arbetet. Anhöriga har visat sig vara både ett stöd och en utmaning i klientens självbestämmanderätt. Slutsatsen av studien var att biståndshandläggarnas arbete försvårades av att de inte hade tydliga riktlinjer att arbeta efter. Det visade sig även att motiverande samtal är något som utgör stora delar av biståndshandläggarens arbete.

Creativity has great influence on society, organisations and individuals. On the basis of behavioristic principles, such as the ones on learning, this study has treated creativity as an opportunity that can be developed by the individual. Self-efficacy, which implies the belief that one is capable of performing in a certain situation, is one of many bricks that help creativity form itself in its special manner. This study has a focus on self-efficacy and those theories that self-efficacy has emerged from, and on creativity. The purpose was to, with help of a literature-study, discuss whether self-efficacy can have a helping hand as well as a damaging effect in the creative activity. Further along the report has shown that the relation between all concepts is a clearly appearing, which has led to an account on how nearly associated they are.  

A Japanese Narrative 1992 - 2016.

Applying a Relational Perspective on Ageing, Life and Care

 A qualitative longitudinal study evolved as I followed the Suzuki couple in Japan for more than two decades through life turning points and crises. Would the traditions of filial duty guide their choices, or would the Suzuki couples’ clearly voiced wish to live on their own and take care of themselves be respected?  I have followed their temporary move to their daughter’s residence following upon the 1995 Hanshin Earthquake when they lost their house, their permanent move to a condominium purchased by son, and a couple of years thereafter, the sudden death of Mr Suzuki. Since his death, I met Ms Suzuki every or every other year, last time was in 2016  when she still lived at home (with dementia) and enjoyed regular visits to a day care center

This paper will discuss views on ageing, care and life from a relational point of view and within a life course perspective. This paper also encounters death as part of life and relations    Though a one case study, this paper will also draw on some previous studies in the fields of social and cross-cultural gerontology.

Bakgrund och syfte: Uppdraget var att göra en kunskapsöversikt om `best practice´ i äldreomsorgen riktad till praktiker. Syftet blev att sammanställa och analysera forsknings-studier som på olika sätt belyser vad äldre personer med demenssjukdom ser som god omsorg och vård för ett gott liv i vardagen. Hur kommer de till tals i äldreomsorgen? Hur studeras de? Vilka förhållningssätt och metoder verkar upplevas meningsfulla? Hur ser evidensen ut för `best practice´ utifrån detta? Denna ansats valdes eftersom många studier utgår ifrån vårdgivarnas perspektiv och deras tolkningar av personer med demens.

Metod och material:  En litteraturstudie på 36 vetenskapliga studier som, med några undantag, hittades i databaser utifrån valda sökord och som därefter analyserades tematiskt.

Resultat och analys: De fyra teman som resultatet sorterades i var Brukardeltagande och inkludering, Interventioner, Relationer samt Mångfacetterade perspektiv utifrån deltagande observationer och berättelser. Resultatet visade på gränsöverskridanden mellan de olika temana men med flera gemensamma nämnare. Personcentrerad vård och omsorg liksom psykosociala insatser fångar in resultatet där flera komponenter behöver ingå:  Aktivt lyssnande på kommunikation i ord, kroppsspråk och handling; fullständig närvaro av vård och omsorgspersonal  när de är tillsammans med personen med demens. Att behandlas med respekt för den man är och har varit,  att uppleva tillhörighet till personer i livet nu och i livet som varit, att inkluderas i beslut framför allt i det som rör det dagliga livet. Att få leva i kontakt med omvärlden i olika mening, existentiellt men även konkret med nära och kära, med grannskapet, med naturen. Att uppleva välbefinnande, i glädje som i sorg kan stödjas i olika metoder av livsberättelser. För makar, att få stöd i sitt `parskap´ och för alla att behandlas från sitt `personskap´. För alla, men inte minst för ensamboende, är personalens roll stor för att  grundläggande livskvalité ska kunna upprätthållas.  

Slutsatser och implikationer:  Lyssna på, Lev med och Lär av personen med demens och dennes närstående i den dagliga omsorgen och vården Skapa rutiner i äldreomsorgen utifrån denna kunskap. Investera i tid för att möjliggöra detta.

I denna rapport redovisas resultatet från en utvärdering av ett kommunprojekt inom förskola, grundskola och gymnasium inom Flens kommun, kallat Skolprojektet. Det övergripande målet med projektet har varit att det ska bidra till att alla elever i kommunen successivt nu och i framtiden ska klara godkända resultat i skolan. Tidsperioden för genomförandet av projektet har varit tre år med avslut mars 2015. Konkret har projektet inneburit att främst förskolor, grundskolor, gymnasium och fritidshem och egentligen alla samhällsmedborgare ska involveras i detta projekt, allt för att stödja alla elever till att uppnå måluppfyllelsen.

To understand the development of inter-sectoral participation in the three intervention municipalities of Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Programme (SDPP) case studies with a longitudinal assessment were conducted using the spidergram method, document analysis and group discussions. At three time points, the members of the local steering committees assessed the extent of participation from narrow to wide inter-sectoral participation in five key areas: planning, resources, leadership, network and implementation. Wide participation of various interest groups was recognised in planning and implementing activities whereas local resources, the representation of the leadership and the extent of the network were perceived as more restricted. Expert involvement varied during the programme period but was not regarded as exerting control over the local programmes. Participation within the local steering committees decreased, with a stronger focus on the project co-ordinator and other local partners in latter years. The extent of partner engagement increased due to focusing on activities approaching multi-sector collaboration and institutionalisation. Overall, communication and shared responsibility appeared critical in influencing both the development and perception of participation. In conclusion, to understand the dynamic process of participation at different times, areas and levels, the development and use of evaluation designs combining different methods and information sources throughout the lifespan of a project are recommended. 

När användbarheten studeras av den information som presenteras i ett användargränssnitt på en datorskärm kan det framkomma vad som fungerar effektivt och korrekt. I sådana sammanhang förs sällan någon diskussion om hur den information som presenteras kommunicerar med en användare.

Syftet med detta forskningsprojekt är att på ett generellt plan öka kunskapen om olika analytiska perspektiv för att studera den information som presenteras i ett användargränssnitt på en datorskärm, som ett led till att skapa begriplig information för människor. Mer preciserat är syftet att få en djupare förståelse för hur en informationslämnare kan kommunicera med en informationsanvändare genom den information som presenteras i ett användargränssnitt. Målet med forskningsprojektet är att presentera ett antal relevanta analytiska perspektiv som kan användas för att beskriva hur presenterad information i ett användargränssnitt kan kommunicera med en användare. Forskningsresultatet bidrar med ett ramverk som kan ligga till grund för ett analysstöd. Forskningsresultatet bidrar även med en ansats för framtida forskning inom området.

Forskningsprojektet bygger på fyra fallstudier. Analysobjekten i fallstudierna utgörs av fyra olika användargränssnitt på datorskärm, vilka används inom olika myndigheter, organisationer och företag. Vartdera användargränssnittet och dess informationsdesign studeras med hänsyn till: informationslämnarnas önskemål och intentioner, informationsanvändarnas upplevelse och förståelse av information och kontexters påverkan.

De slutsatser som dras är bland annat att informationsdesign i ett användargränssnitt på datorskärm upplevs och förstås av användare i samklang med inre, när och yttre kontext. Dessa kontexter kan studeras utifrån tre olika perspektiv, ett semiotiskt, ett retoriskt och ett narrativt perspektiv. En sådan analys kan framhäva den kommunikation som sker mellan de budskap som informationslämnaren vill berätta, hur den presenterade informationen i användargränssnittet arrangeras och komponeras och hur olika kontexter påverkar användarnas upplevelse och förståelse av den information som presenteras.

This chapter makes the case for a processual approach to understanding ethical change leadership in order to develop a more fine-grained understanding of how leadership matters. It starts with a vignette taken from current empirical studies on digitalization, leadership, and organizing. This vignette is utilthere isized as an illustration of the theoretical argument made. The argument is presented in three steps. First, the vignette is reread and some critical questions as posed. Second, it delves deeper into the perspective that leadership may be understood as a process, and what this means for understanding leadership for change. Third, a processual conceptualization of ethics that is not centered on individuals, but focused on what is produced, re-produced, and not-produced in the doing of leadership for organizational change, is presented. This leads to the introduction of the concept of care, and propose the idea of care-ful co-directing change.

Studiens syfte var att utifrån krav-resursmodellen undersöka hur förskolerektorer uppfattade sina arbetsförhållanden samt hur detta påverkade deras ledarskap för att skapa en bild av rektorers syn på sin arbetsbörda och dess påverkan på ledarskap. Detta undersöktes med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer av åtta kvinnliga förskolerektorer mellan 48 och 63 år som sedan tematiserades. Resultaten visade att rektorerna upplever emotionella krav av ensamt ansvar, påfrestande samtal, brist på kontroll och bristande öppenhet i organisationen att synliggöra problem, men även en hög grad av administrativa arbetsuppgifter samt tidsbrist. Utöver det upplever alla rektorer att det finns flertalet uppgifter som inte bör vara deras ansvar, varav flera de känner sig tvungna att utföra då de är ytterst ansvariga för sin enhet. I diskussionen sammanfattas slutsatsen att rektorerna har för hög kvantitativ och emotionell arbetsbörda, vilket innebär att bland annat ledarskapet blir lidande och att det finns en tystnadskultur som motverkar förändring av problemen.

We conduct laboratory experiments to study peer effects on compliance with extortive requests. To this aim, we use an “extortion game” with multiple victims. In agreement with our hypothesis, our results show that when the information on peers’ behavior is available, compliance with appropriative requests is triggered by conformism among victims rather than by punishment. Moreover, we find that extorted sums are rather small, requests are proportional to the victim’s earnings, similar across victims, and are significantly lower when the extorter self-selects into this role. Punishment is rare, but effective. Finally, our results indicate that fairness concerns matter even in a context of extra-legal taxation, shaping both extorters’ requests and victims’ compliance. 

This report addresses the management innovation and how shared leadership is a form of it. The report is a compilation of what shared leadership means and how two municipal organizations works with shared leadership. The two minicipal organizations are Strängnäs and Vällingby. One municipality (Strängnäs) is meanwhile this report produced during insertion of shared leadership. The other (Vällingby) has about two years experience of working with this form of leadership. The main question for this work is why does a local organization implements shared leadership? Other questions are how does shared leadership work? How does one avoid confusion and ambiguity for employees? What advantages and disadvantages are there with shared leadership? And what can be done better ? Through well- selected literature in the form of books, articles, reports, etc. a picture of how shared leadership is part of a management innovation has been created. To complement this, there have been interviews with unit managers who are working or will be working with shared leadership. The reason for writing this report is that in today's situation there is not much information about shared leadership, much less on shared leadership in the local organizations. The results of this work show that there are many different forms of shared leadership, that there are several different ways to implement shared leadership in a local organization. A form does not need to fit all businesses, but it is important to adapt the leadership mold after their own business. We have listed a number of pros and cons of shared leadership  the opportunities and risks there might be and how best to way implement shared leadership in a organization.

This study is about inclusion in digital environments with a focus on videogames. The purpose of the study is to provide insight into how to increase inclusion in the digital environment, primarily for women, and provide examples of how to apply good information design to digital spaces to contribute to increased inclusion in videogames. The aim is also to increase the understanding of how spatial design affects inclusion for users and which parts of the spatial aspect are important for the environment to be perceived as inclusive or not. The goal is to try to raise awareness about inclusion in the gaming environment and to get people to question the design. The methods used are questionnaire, interview workshop, site analysis and traditional masculine and feminine scale, as well as human centered design as a method and process in the work. Of these methods, prototypes were made and used to produce different notions of what is masculine or feminine, as well as what the users in the study perceived as more inclusive designs. The results show signs that the spatial environment gives signals to be able to behave in a certain way that can be linked to hypermasculinity. The users in the study perceived the most popular games to be in the more masculine direction with Counterstrike as the most masculine direction. The attributes of the game's environment and spatial elements were perceived by the users in the study as violence and terror, which may in this way send signals to the users that it is okay to behave in a more hypermasculine way as one of the attributes of hypermasculinity is violence. The conclusion is that a larger study would need to be carried out on the interaction between the environment and its signals to the users to see if it has a greater impact on the inclusion of the users, as there are signs that the spatial design also contributes to a hypermasculine environment in the digital space. 

Public spaces are often failing girls and women, with male dominance and a lack of representation being prevalent issues. The 2030 Agenda emphasises the need for safe and accessible public spaces for women, children and other disadvantaged or marginalised  groups. Nevertheless, women and girls tend to be neglected in the development of urban areas, and their specific needs and risks are not fully considered. Hence, there is a need for feminist urban planning.  Feminist planning aims to understand, challenge, and change power relations in public spaces, by involving the experiences, needs, and desires of marginalised groups in the planning process in order to create more equal cities. This approach recognises the individual and collective power that women and other disadvantaged groups already possess. Social innovation is an innovative practice for meeting social needs and shares a common goal with feminist planning of promoting social change and increasing power for disadvantaged groups. However, whereas feminist urban planning – and urban planning in general – tend to end when a project has been planned and executed, social innovation has a stronger and more explicit focus on results or impact of the process or project. This is an aspect where feminist planning can learn from social innovation. By addressing the specific needs of marginalised groups and focusing on results and actual change, feminist planning can contribute to positive social change and empower women and girls in urban development processes. This viewpoint argues that feminist planning can learn from the focus of social innovation on results (i.e. output, outcome and impact of the planning), which has the potential to change planning practices and challenge gendered social norms in order to create more equal, just and socially sustainable public spaces and cities.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the parliamentary structure and tasks of Bosnia and Herzegovina to see the limitations it has on the progress to democracy. By studying the Dayton accords appendix four (the constitution) and article four (the parliamentary assembly). In the analysis two theories was used, historical institutionalism and rational choice theory to help find answers to the purpose. With the thematic analysis method to analyse the material and to find themes in the data these three themes was put together, complex parliamentary structure, discrimination against minorities and the balance of power between the various institutions and actors. The material was some scientific reports and books by a variety of different authors and the Dayton accords. The analysis shows that the parliament structure is structured in a non-democratic way, the function of the structure is to keep and preserve the peace in the region. In conclusion the Dayton accords is the main reason for the structure of parliament and that it was made for peacekeeping, not necessarily to create a democratic state. Why there has not been any reform or change in the structure is because the political elite has it easier to gain their own interest with this structure rather than a democratic structure. 

PurposeIn a highly competitive and globalised era, agile organisations proactively steer towards sustainability. This situation persuaded the organisations to align Quality Management (QM) initiatives to achieve sustainable outcomes. This study aims to explore quality-sustainability linkage, explicitly focusing on attaining the prestigious IAQ Quality Sustainability Award. Further it investigates, the impact of QM as a strategy for promoting sustainability to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs).Design/methodology/approachDue to the lack of substantial literature connecting QM to sustainability, the current research adopted an explanatory multiple-case study. Six cases were purposively chosen for the study. Three cases of those who have achieved the prestigious IAQ Quality Sustainability Award and remaining have been selected that have fallen short of receiving the award. A detailed within-case and cross-case examinations involving six cases that reported their QM achievements aligned with SDGs.FindingsThe findings demonstrate the significant role of QM adoption in achieving positive results from the perspective of SDGs, such as reduced environmental impacts, improved operational efficiency and enhanced quality of life. Effective stakeholder collaboration, proficiency in analytical tools and strategic alignment with SDGs emerged as critical success factors. Conversely, weak linkage with sustainability and unclear approaches were crucial challenges in attaining the IAQ Quality Sustainability Award.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper outlines essential commandments for organisations actively seeking to promote sustainability. It offers valuable insights for decision-makers, facilitating a profound understanding of the challenges and opportunities in pursuing sustainable performance.Originality/valueThe distinctive nature of this study lies in its dedicated exploration of the intricate relationship between QM deployment and its true impact on the achievement of the SDGs.

Instances of professional misconduct, such as sexual harassment, mobbing and bullying, have become increasingly common, particularly in male-dominated industries like the video games industry. This has led to work-life balance problems and a high turnover rate among employees, especially females. Despite existing policies, female workers continue to face unwelcome situations and feel marginalized by their colleagues. The lack of robust measures from authorities to address professional misconduct adds to their insecurity and intention to leave their jobs. This workplace unrest and role conflicts also prevent employees from fulfilling their emotional, social, and familial responsibilities. A mixed methods research study was conducted to understand the reasons behind the increase in professional misconduct and the factors contributing to its severity at the workplaces in the gaming industry. The study found that employees, particularly females, are subjected to bullying, mobbing, and sexual harassment. They are often not considered integral to the industry by their co-workers, but male employees also experience professional misconduct, but to a lesser degree. Urgent attention and effective measures are needed to create a safe and inclusive work environment for all employees, regardless of gender, and to address the rising incidence of professional misconduct, thereby improving work-life balance.

In this essay, a discourse analysis of the material Orten bortom våldet is carried out with the help of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's hegemonic-critical discourse theory. The material Orten bortom våldet is central to Eskilstuna municipality's social prevention work against violence and crime. With the help of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis, this study deconstructs the reasoning behind Orten bortom våldet. The aim is to make visible its hegemonic and ideological assumptions concerning the individual, society and social phenomena. The analysis uses central concepts based on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory to make visible and identify hegemonic and dominant discursive positions. The study shows that the analysis material rests on a dichotomous and dogmatic social differentiation discourse and an individual-centered liberal determinism regarding preventive social work and its interventions and problematizes these aspects from a we and them-critical perspective as well as an ideology-critical perspective.

Syftet med studien är att fördjupa kunskapen om hur lärare i F–3 tillämpardidaktiska val i livsfrågeundervisningen.För att besvara detta syfte har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts där femlärare intervjuats. Resultatet utmynnade i de fyra kategorierna livsfrågornasändlöshet, planeringens existens, elevernas välbefinnande och etiskaavväganden som i analysen kopplas till forskningsfrågorna.Studiens slutsats är: Lärarnas egen livserfarenhet och arbetslivserfarenhet ansesutifrån studien vara en grundläggande framgångsfaktor för arbetet medlivsfrågor. Detta utgör en förutsättning för läraren att skapa förståelse förelevers olika perspektiv gällande livsfrågor. Samspelet mellan lärare och eleverdär elevers nyfikenhet och engagemang lockas fram genom diskussion ochvärdegrundsarbete och som utvecklar medmänskliga och demokratiskaindivider är grundstenen i livsfrågeundervisningen.

DateMay 29th, 2009LevelMaster Thesis in International MarketingAuthorsShahid Kalim Khan: Körsbärsvägen 4b, LAG 218, 11423 Stockholm, Sweden Mob: +46 700641495 Email: iamkalim@gmail.comAdeel Asghar: Rum 235, Kallgatan 1 B, 63226 Eskilstuna, Sweden Mob: +46 700783841 Email: adeel1031@gmail.comTutorDaniel TolstoyTitleHow can marketing research help innovative SMEs in exploitation of international opportunities in their early internationalization? A Swedish Case StudyPurposeSMEs are well known for their innovative and risk taking approach. This study aims at providing them with a strategic framework or method to analyze the marketability of their products or services and exploit internationalization opportunities. It also focuses on helping them in reducing their risks linked with cross border business opportunities.Methodology/DesignThis research is performed through case study method. A new conceptual model has been developed by integrating relevant standard approaches within field of research. This model has been further explained by implementing it on case company (Widforss).ConclusionsThis study claims to make a significant and creative contribution to the field of SMEs internationalization through two theoretical models named as International SME Model of Innovation Exploitation (ISMIE) and Proactive International Entrepreneurship model (PIE). Both of these models use marketing research as key success factor. However, sufficient empirical evidences could not be provided due to limitations. Whereas, the practical contribution for the case firm named as Widforss industries is very evident.

Studiens syfte är att via fallstudier av socialtjänsten undersöka konkreta ledningspraktiker som kan sägas falla inom ramen för Tillitsdelegationens definition av tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning och som har betydelse för att åstadkomma hållbara arbetsmiljöer i välfärden. Analysen visar att hållbar arbetsmiljö via tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning kan kopplas till organisationens säkerställande av förmåga, integritet och hjälpvillighet. Konkreta ledningspraktiker för säkerställande och hållbar arbetsmiljö var uppdragsdialog, systemperspektiv, integrering av arbetsmiljö och verksamkvalitet samt långsiktig ekonomisk styrning. Genom att ledningen agerar tillitsvärdigt via säkerställande av tillitsvärdigheten hos dem som är satta att utföra arbetet närmast medborgarna, erhålls goda arbetsmiljöer.

Kapitlet syftar till att beskriva hur en mer tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning kan gestalta sig inom socialtjänstens verksamheter genom en analys av individ- och familjeomsorgen i Nyköpings kommun. Resultaten visar att grunduppdraget, det vill säga det ansvar som verksamheten förväntas ta gentemot medborgarna utifrån lagstiftningen har stort utrymme i styrningen snarare än mål, som de för tillfället styrande politikerna formulerar. Kvantitativa mått kompletteras med kvalitativa verksamhetsbeskrivningar och kontinuerlig dialog om verksamhetens kvalitet, brister och utvecklingsbehov. Ansvarsavgränsningar som inte gynnar klientens bästa kan motverkas genom hur ekonomistyrningen används. Här framstår det som väsentligt att undvika konkurrens, incitament och repressalier i styrningen som leder till fokus på den egna enhetens ekonomi snarare än verksamhetens kvalitet. Styrning och ledning som söker säkerställa förmåga, integritet och hjälpvillighet hänger intimt samman med arbetsmiljöfrågorna. När organisationen identifierar och åtgärdar reella hinder som försvårar ett professionellt socialt arbete är det tydligt att organisation tar ansvar för både verksamhetskvalitet och arbetsmiljö. Att säkerställa integritet och hjälpvillighet innebär också en konsekvent hållning till principer och värderingar som speglar ett offentligt ämbetsmannaetos. Via öppenhet och dialog i organisationen är det de gemensamma värdena som bidrar till ett gemensamt ansvar för verksamhetens kvalitet och en hållbar arbetsmiljö.

Extensive staff turnover within the statutory social services is a serious problem in Sweden and in other European countries. This study examines which work conditions predict social workers’ willingness to stay in their organisation. A web-based questionnaire was used to gather data. The participating social workers responded to two questionnaires over a one-year period. To identify the social workers who wanted to stay and also remained in the organisation, the group ‘Stayers’ (n = 1,368) consisted of social workers who reported low intentions to quit at T1. The group ‘Leavers’ (n = 1,182) were social workers who had actually resigned at T2. The data were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The multivariate analysis shows that the work conditions that predicted staying in the organisation were low degrees of conflicting demands and quantitative demands, high degrees of openness and human resource orientation in the organisation and a high degree of perceived service quality. The results are discussed in relation to public management and managerial responsibility to create sustainable work conditions that facilitate the provision of good social services for citizens.

This book aims to unravel how rural gender regimes are constituted, enforced, made sense of and resisted, and ho struggles of resistance lead to empowerment and change in various countries in the four corners of Europe as well s Australia and India. The book focuses on the intricate relationship between laws and institutions and everyday life. It analyzes on the one hand how laws and institutions are constituted and on the other hand how gender regimes are built at the local rural level, sometimes in compliance with these frames and sometimes contesting them, The articles, in diverse ways, give voice both to women’s struggles for recognition and men’s voices in gendered rural societies. Through applying the concept of the welfare state and gender regimes within rural research, this book contributes to the further development of a comparative theoretical framework for rural gender studies. The importance of integrating rural gender studies into both the mainstreams of rural and feminist research has been emphasized in previous research, as has that of developing comparative analytical frameworks. The conceptual framework adopted in this volume wets out to meet this challenge by approaching rural gender relations and the meeting point of two core research areas: gender regimes and rural transformative processes. Research into gender regimes offers a promising analytical framework for comparing gender relations in diverse rural settings. At the same time, by addressing rural concerns deriving from the specificity of rural transition processes and gender regimes, the approach also contributes to an elucidation of the complexity of citizenship.