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  • 1.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.
    Variability Aware Requirements Reuse Analysis2020In: roceedings - 2020 ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion, ICSE-Companion 2020, Seoul, South Korea: ACM , 2020, p. 190-193, article id 3381399Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Problem: The goal of a software product line is to aid quick and quality delivery of software products, sharing common features. Effectively achieving the above-mentioned goals requires reuse analysis of the product line features. Existing requirements reuse analysis approaches are not focused on recommending product line features, that can be reused to realize new customer requirements. Hypothesis: Given that the customer requirements are linked to product line features' description satisfying them: then the customer requirements can be clustered based on patterns and similarities, preserving the historic reuse information. New customer requirements can be evaluated against existing customer requirements and reuse of product line features can be recommended. Contributions: We treated the problem of feature reuse analysis as a text classification problem at the requirements-level. We use Natural Language Processing and clustering to recommend reuse of features based on similarities and historic reuse information. The recommendations can be used to realize new customer requirements.

  • 2.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    RISE Res Inst Sweden, Västerås, Sweden.
    Ferrari, Alessio
    CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy.
    Shatnawi, Anas
    Berger Levrault, Montpellier, France.
    Enoiu, Eduard Paul
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    RISE Res Inst Sweden, Västerås, Sweden.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    On the relationship between similar requirements and similar software: A case study in the railway domainIn: Requirements Engineering, ISSN 0947-3602, E-ISSN 1432-010XArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recommender systems for requirements are typically built on the assumption that similar requirements can be used as proxies to retrieve similar software. When a stakeholder proposes a new requirement, natural language processing (NLP)-based similarity metrics can be exploited to retrieve existing requirements, and in turn, identify previously developed code. Several NLP approaches for similarity computation between requirements are available. However, there is little empirical evidence on their effectiveness for code retrieval. This study compares different NLP approaches, from lexical ones to semantic, deep-learning techniques, and correlates the similarity among requirements with the similarity of their associated software. The evaluation is conducted on real-world requirements from two industrial projects from a railway company. Specifically, the most similar pairs of requirements across two industrial projects are automatically identified using six language models. Then, the trace links between requirements and software are used to identify the software pairs associated with each requirements pair. The software similarity between pairs is then automatically computed with JPLag. Finally, the correlation between requirements similarity and software similarity is evaluated to see which language model shows the highest correlation and is thus more appropriate for code retrieval. In addition, we perform a focus group with members of the company to collect qualitative data. Results show a moderately positive correlation between requirements similarity and software similarity, with the pre-trained deep learning-based BERT language model with preprocessing outperforming the other models. Practitioners confirm that requirements similarity is generally regarded as a proxy for software similarity. However, they also highlight that additional aspect comes into play when deciding software reuse, e.g., domain/project knowledge, information coming from test cases, and trace links. Our work is among the first ones to explore the relationship between requirements and software similarity from a quantitative and qualitative standpoint. This can be useful not only in recommender systems but also in other requirements engineering tasks in which similarity computation is relevant, such as tracing and change impact analysis.

  • 3.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Research Institutes of Sweden Västerås, Sweden.
    Inayat, Irum
    National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Jan, Naila
    National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    Research Institutes of Sweden Västerås, Sweden.
    Enoiu, Eduard Paul
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    MBRP: Model-based Requirements Prioritization Using PageRank Algorithm2019In: Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference APSEC 2019, 2019, p. 31-38, article id 8945656Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Requirements prioritization plays an important role in driving project success during software development. Literature reveals that existing requirements prioritization approaches ignore vital factors such as interdependency between requirements. Existing requirements prioritization approaches are also generally time-consuming and involve substantial manual effort. Besides, these approaches show substantial limitations in terms of the number of requirements under consideration. There is some evidence suggesting that models could have a useful role in the analysis of requirements interdependency and their visualization, contributing towards the improvement of the overall requirements prioritization process. However, to date, just a handful of studies are focused on model-based strategies for requirements prioritization, considering only conflict-free functional requirements. This paper uses a meta-model-based approach to help the requirements analyst to model the requirements, stakeholders, and inter-dependencies between requirements. The model instance is then processed by our modified PageRank algorithm to prioritize the given requirements. An experiment was conducted, comparing our modified PageRank algorithm’s efficiency and accuracy with five existing requirements prioritization methods. Besides, we also compared our results with a baseline prioritized list of 104 requirements prepared by 28 graduate students. Our results show that our modified PageRank algorithm was able to prioritize the requirements more effectively and efficiently than the other prioritization methods.

  • 4.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    RISE SICS, Research Institutes of Sweden, Västerås, Sweden.
    Inayat, Irum
    SERL, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    RISE SICS, Research Institutes of Sweden, Västerås, Sweden.
    Jan, Naila
    SERL, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Requirements dependencies-based test case prioritization for extra-functional properties2019In: ICST Workshop on Testing Extra-Functional Properties and Quality Characteristics of Software Systems ITEQS'19, 2019, p. 159-163Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The use of requirements’ information in testing is a well-recognized practice in the software development life cycle. Literature reveals that existing tests prioritization and selection approaches neglected vital factors affecting tests priorities, like interdependencies between requirement specifications. We believe that models may play a positive role in specifying these inter-dependencies and prioritizing tests based on these inter-dependencies. However, till date, few studies can be found that make use of requirements inter-dependencies for test case prioritization. This paper uses a meta-model to aid modeling requirements, their related tests, and inter-dependencies between them. The instance of this meta-model is then processed by our modified PageRank algorithm to prioritize the requirements. The requirement priorities are then propagated to related test cases in the test model and test cases are selected based on coverage of extra-functional properties. We have demonstrated the applicability of our proposed approach on a small example case.

  • 5.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Västerås, Sweden.
    Jongeling, Robbert
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lindskog, Claes
    Bombardier Transportation AB, Sweden.
    Enoiu, Eduard Paul
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Västerås, Sweden.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Product Line Adoption in Industry: An Experience Report from the Railway Domain2020In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 2020, Vol. F164267-A, p. 130-141Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The software system controlling a train is typically deployed on various hardware architectures and is required to process various signals across those deployments. Increases of such customization scenarios, as well as the needed adherence of the software to various safety standards in different application domains, has led to the adoption of product line engineering within the railway domain. This paper explores the current state-of-practice of software product line development within a team developing industrial embedded software for a train propulsion control system. Evidence is collected by means of a focus group session with several engineers and through inspection of archival data. We report several benefits and challenges experienced during product line adoption and deployment. Furthermore, we identify and discuss research opportunities, focusing in particular on the areas of product line evolution and test automation.

  • 6.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.
    Rauf, Abdul
    RISE Research Institute of Sweden.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    RISE Research Institute of Sweden.
    Enoiu, Eduard Paul
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Keywords-based test categorization for Extra-Functional Properties2020In: IEEE 13th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops, ICSTW 2020, IEEE, 2020, p. 153-156, article id 9156019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Categorizing existing test specifications can provide insights on coverage of the test suite to extra-functional properties. Manual approaches for test categorization can be time-consuming and prone to error. In this short paper, we propose a semi-automated approach for semantic keywords-based textual test categorization for extra-functional properties. The approach is the first step towards coverage-based test case selection based on extra-functional properties. We report a preliminary evaluation of industrial data for test categorization for safety aspects. Results show that keyword-based approaches can be used to categorize tests for extra-functional properties and can be improved by considering contextual information of keywords.

  • 7.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    RISE, Sweden.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    RISE, Sweden.
    Enoiu, Eduard Paul
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Requirements-Driven Reuse Recommendation2021In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume A, Association for Computing Machinery , 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This tutorial explores requirements-based reuse recommendation for product line assets in the context of clone-and-own product lines.

  • 8.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Enoiu, Eduard Paul
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lindskog, Claes
    Bombardier Transportation AB, Sweden.
    Automated Reuse Recommendation of Product Line Assets based on Natural Language Requirements2020In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2020, Vol. 12541, p. 173-189Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software product lines (SPLs) are based on reuse rationale to aid quick and quality delivery of complex products at scale. Deriving a new product from a product line requires reuse analysis to avoid redundancy and support a high degree of assets reuse. In this paper, we propose and evaluate automated support for recommending SPL assets that can be reused to realize new customer requirements. Using the existing customer requirements as input, the approach applies natural language processing and clustering to generate reuse recommendations for unseen customer requirements in new projects. The approach is evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively in the railway industry. Results show that our approach can recommend reuse with 74% accuracy and 57.4% exact match. The evaluation further indicates that the recommendations are relevant to engineers and can support the product derivation and feasibility analysis phase of the projects. The results encourage further study on automated reuse analysis on other levels of abstractions.

  • 9.
    Abbasi, S.
    et al.
    Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
    Rahmani, A. M.
    National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin, Taiwan.
    Balador, Ali
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. RISE Research Institute of Sweden, Västerås, Sweden.
    Sahafi, A.
    Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
    Internet of Vehicles: Architecture, services, and applications2021In: International Journal of Communication Systems, ISSN 1074-5351, E-ISSN 1099-1131, Vol. 34, no 10Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The connection between objects and information exchange has been possible in recent years, with the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) in different industries. We can meet different requirements in each industry utilizing this feature. Intelligent transportation uses the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) as a solution for communication among vehicles. It improves traffic management applications and services to guarantee safety on roads. We categorize services, applications, and architectures and propose a taxonomy for IoV. Then, we study open issues and challenges for future works. We highlighted applications and services due to drivers' requirements and nonfunctional requirements, considering the qualitative characteristic. This paper summarizes the current state of the IoV in architectures, services, and applications. It can be a start view to provide the solutions for challenges in traffic management in cities. The present study is beneficial for smart city developments and management. According to this paper's result, the services and applications evaluate performance with 34% frequency, safety and data accuracy, and security with a 13% frequency in selected papers. These measurements are essential due to the IoV characteristics such as real-time operation, accident avoidance in applications, and complicated user data management. 

  • 10.
    Abbaspour Asadollah, Sara
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Bugs and Debugging of Concurrent and Multicore Software2016Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 11.
    Abbaspour Asadollah, Sara
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Hansson, Hans
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Eldh, Sigrid
    Ericsson AB, Kista, Sweden.
    Towards Classification of Concurrency Bugs Based on Observable Properties2015In: Proceedings - 1st International Workshop on Complex Faults and Failures in Large Software Systems, COUFLESS 2015, 2015, p. 41-47Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In software engineering, classification is a way to find an organized structure of knowledge about objects. Classification serves to investigate the relationship between the items to be classified, and can be used to identify the current gaps in the field. In many cases users are able to order and relate objects by fitting them in a category. This paper presents initial work on a taxonomy for classification of errors (bugs) related to concurrent execution of application level software threads. By classifying concurrency bugs based on their corresponding observable properties, this research aims to examine and structure the state of the art in this field, as well as to provide practitioner support for testing and debugging of concurrent software. We also show how the proposed classification, and the different classes of bugs, relates to the state of the art in the field by providing a mapping of the classification to a number of recently published papers in the software engineering field.

  • 12.
    Abbaspour Asadollah, Sara
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Saadatmand, Mehrdad
    SICS Swedish ICT, Västerås, Sweden.
    Eldh, Sigrid
    Ericsson AB, Kista, Sweden.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Hansson, Hans
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    A Model for Systematic Monitoring and Debugging of Starvation Bugs in Multicore Software2016In: 2016 ASE Workshop on Specification, Comprehension, Testing and Debugging of Concurrent Programs SCTDCP2016, 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With the development of multicore hardware, concurrent, parallel and multicore software are becoming increasingly popular. Software companies are spending a huge amount of time and resources to nd and debug the bugs. Among all types of software bugs, concurrency bugs are also important and troublesome. This type of bugs is increasingly becoming an issue particularly due to the growing prevalence of multicore hardware. In this position paper, we propose a model for monitoring and debugging Starvation bugs as a type of concurrency bugs in multicore software. The model is composed into three phases: monitoring, detecting and debugging. The monitoring phase can support detecting phase by storing collected data from the system execution. The detecting phase can support debugging phase by comparing the stored data with starvation bug's properties, and the debugging phase can help in reproducing and removing the Starvation bug from multicore software. Our intention is that our model is the basis for developing tool(s) to enable solving Starvation bugs in software for multicore platforms.

  • 13.
    Abbaspour Asadollah, Sara
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Eldh, S.
    Ericsson AB, Kista, Sweden.
    Hansson, Hans
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    A Runtime Verification Tool for Detecting Concurrency Bugs in FreeRTOS Embedded Software2018In: Proceedings - 17th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing, ISPDC 2018, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2018, p. 172-179, article id 8452035Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article presents a runtime verification tool for embedded software executing under the open source real-time operating system FreeRTOS. The tool detects and diagnoses concurrency bugs such as deadlock, starvation, and suspension based-locking. The tool finds concurrency bugs at runtime without debugging and tracing the source code. The tool uses the Tracealyzer tool for logging relevant events. Analysing the logs, our tool can detect the concurrency bugs by applying algorithms for diagnosing each concurrency bug type individually. In this paper, we present the implementation of the tool, as well as its functional architecture, together with illustration of its use. The tool can be used during program testing to gain interesting information about embedded software executions. We present initial results of running the tool on some classical bug examples running on an AVR 32-bit board SAM4S. 

  • 14.
    Abbaspour Asadollah, Sara
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Eldh, Sigrid
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Ericsson AB, Kista, Sweden .
    Hansson, Hans
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Afza, Wasif
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    10 Years of research on debugging concurrent and multicore software: a systematic mapping study2017In: Software quality journal, ISSN 0963-9314, E-ISSN 1573-1367, Vol. 25, no 1, p. 49-82Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Debugging – the process of identifying, localizing and fixing bugs – is a key activity in software development. Due to issues such as non-determinism and difficulties of reproducing failures, debugging concurrent software is significantly more challenging than debugging sequential software. A number of methods, models and tools for debugging concurrent and multicore software have been proposed, but the body of work partially lacks a common terminology and a more recent view of the problems to solve. This suggests the need for a classification, and an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the area. 

    This paper presents the results of a systematic mapping study in the field of debugging of concurrent and multicore software in the last decade (2005– 2014). The study is guided by two objectives: (1) to summarize the recent publication trends and (2) to clarify current research gaps in the field.

    Through a multi-stage selection process, we identified 145 relevant papers. Based on these, we summarize the publication trend in the field by showing distribution of publications with respect to year , publication venues , representation of academia and industry , and active research institutes . We also identify research gaps in the field based on attributes such as types of concurrency bugs, types of debugging processes , types of research  and research contributions.

    The main observations from the study are that during the years 2005–2014: (1) there is no focal conference or venue to publish papers in this area, hence a large variety of conferences and journal venues (90) are used to publish relevant papers in this area; (2) in terms of publication contribution, academia was more active in this area than industry; (3) most publications in the field address the data race bug; (4) bug identification is the most common stage of debugging addressed by articles in the period; (5) there are six types of research approaches found, with solution proposals being the most common one; and (6) the published papers essentially focus on four different types of contributions, with ”methods” being the type most common one.

    We can further conclude that there is still quite a number of aspects that are not sufficiently covered in the field, most notably including (1) exploring correction  and fixing bugs  in terms of debugging process; (2) order violation, suspension  and starvation  in terms of concurrency bugs; (3) validation and evaluation research  in the matter of research type; (4) metric  in terms of research contribution. It is clear that the concurrent, parallel and multicore software community needs broader studies in debugging.This systematic mapping study can help direct such efforts.

  • 15.
    Abbaspour Asadollah, Sara
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Eldh, Sigrid
    Ericsson AB, Kista, Sweden.
    Hansson, Hans
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Paul Enoiu, Eduard
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    A Study on Concurrency Bugs in an Open Source Software2016In: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol. 472, 2016, Vol. 472, p. 16-31Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Concurrent programming puts demands on software debugging and testing, as concurrent software may exhibit problems not present in sequential software, e.g., deadlocks and race conditions. In aiming to increase efficiency and effectiveness of debugging and bug-fixing for concurrent software, a deep understanding of concurrency bugs, their frequency and fixingtimes would be helpful. Similarly, to design effective tools and techniques for testing and debugging concurrent software understanding the differences between non-concurrency and concurrency bugs in real-word software would be useful.

  • 16.
    Abbaspour Asadollah, Sara
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sundmark, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Hansson, Hans
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Runtime Verification for Detecting Suspension Bugs in Multicore and Parallel Software2017In: Proceedings - 10th IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops, ICSTW 2017, 2017, p. 77-80Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multicore hardware development increases the popularity of parallel and multicore software, while testing and debugging the software become more difficult, frustrating and costly. Among all types of software bugs, concurrency bugs are both important and troublesome. This type of bugs is increasingly becoming an issue, particularly due to the growing prevalence of multicore hardware. Suspension-based-locking bug is one type of concurrency bugs. This position paper proposes a model based on runtime verification and reflection technique in the context of multicore and parallel software to monitor and detect suspension-based-locking bugs. The model is not only able to detect faults, but also diagnose and even repair them. The model is composed of four layers: Logging, Monitoring, Suspension Bug Diagnosis and Mitigation. The logging layer will observe the events and save them into a file system. The monitoring layer will detect the presents of bugs in the software. The suspension bug diagnosis will identify Suspension bugs by comparing the captured data with the suspension bug properties. Finally, the mitigation layer will reconfigure the software to mitigate the suspension bugs. A functional architecture of a runtime verification tool is also proposed in this paper. This architecture is based on the proposed model and is comprised of different modules. 

  • 17.
    Abbaspour Gildeh, Saedeh
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Fotouhi, Faranak
    Fotouhi, Hossein
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Vahabi, Maryam
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lindén, Maria
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Deep learning-based motion activity recognition using smartphone sensors2020In: 12th International Conference on e-Health e-Health'20, 2020Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Abdelakram, Hafid
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business Swedish School of Textiles, University of Borås, 503 32 Borås, Sweden.
    Gunnarsson, Emanuel
    Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business Swedish School of Textiles, University of Borås, 503 32 Borås, Sweden.
    Ramos, Alberto
    Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business Swedish School of Textiles, University of Borås, 503 32 Borås, Sweden;UDIT—University of Design, Innovation and Technology, 28016 Madrid, Spain.
    Rödby, Kristian
    Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business Swedish School of Textiles, University of Borås, 503 32 Borås, Sweden.
    Abtahi, Farhad
    Institute for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden;Department of Medical Care Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden;Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
    Bamidis, Panagiotis D.
    Lab of Medical Physics and Digital Innovation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Billis, Antonis
    Lab of Medical Physics and Digital Innovation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Papachristou, Panagiotis
    Academic Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, 104 31 Stockholm, Sweden;Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Seoane, Fernando
    Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business Swedish School of Textiles, University of Borås, 503 32 Borås, Sweden;Institute for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden;Department of Medical Care Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden;Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
    Sensorized T-Shirt with Intarsia-Knitted Conductive Textile Integrated Interconnections: Performance Assessment of Cardiac Measurements during Daily Living Activities2023In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 23, no 22, p. 9208-9208Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of smart wearable solutions for monitoring daily life health status is increasingly popular, with chest straps and wristbands being predominant. This study introduces a novel sensorized T-shirt design with textile electrodes connected via a knitting technique to a Movesense device. We aimed to investigate the impact of stationary and movement actions on electrocardiography (ECG) and heart rate (HR) measurements using our sensorized T-shirt. Various activities of daily living (ADLs), including sitting, standing, walking, and mopping, were evaluated by comparing our T-shirt with a commercial chest strap. Our findings demonstrate measurement equivalence across ADLs, regardless of the sensing approach. By comparing ECG and HR measurements, we gained valuable insights into the influence of physical activity on sensorized T-shirt development for monitoring. Notably, the ECG signals exhibited remarkable similarity between our sensorized T-shirt and the chest strap, with closely aligned HR distributions during both stationary and movement actions. The average mean absolute percentage error was below 3%, affirming the agreement between the two solutions. These findings underscore the robustness and accuracy of our sensorized T-shirt in monitoring ECG and HR during diverse ADLs, emphasizing the significance of considering physical activity in cardiovascular monitoring research and the development of personal health applications.

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    fulltext
  • 19.
    Abdelakram, Hafid
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Kristoffersson, Annica
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Abdullah, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Edu-Mphy: A Low-Cost Multi-Physiological Recording System for Education and Research in Healthcare and Engineering2023In: Abstracts: Medicinteknikdagarna 2023, 2023, p. 117-117Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 20.
    Abdi, Somayeh
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Mubeen, Saad
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cognitive and Time Predictable Task Scheduling in Edge-cloud Federation2022In: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2022, Vol. 2022-SeptemberConference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we present a hierarchical model for time predictable task scheduling in edge-cloud computing architecture for industrial cyber-physical systems. Regarding the scheduling problem, we also investigate the common problem-solving approaches and discuss our preliminary plan to realize the proposed architecture. Furthermore, an Integer linear programming (ILP) model is proposed for task scheduling problem in the cloud layer. The model considers timing and security requirements of applications and the objective is to minimize the financial cost of their execution.

  • 21. Abdul-Ahad, Amir Stefan
    et al.
    Lindén, Maria
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Larsson, Thomas
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Mahmoud, Waleed A.
    Robust Distance-Based Watermarking for Digital Video2008In: Proceedings of The Annual SIGRAD Conference, Stockholm, 2008Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Abdullah, Saad
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Abdelakram, Hafid
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Kristoffersson, Annica
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Bilal Saeed, Muhammad
    Biomedical Engineering Department, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan..
    Saad, Samreen
    Department of Biochemistry, Karachi University, Karachi, Pakistan.
    Real-Time Portable Raspberry Pi-Based System for Sickle Cell Anemia Detection2023In: Abstracts: Medicinteknikdagarna 2023, 2023, p. 118-118Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 23.
    Abrahamsson, Henrik
    et al.
    Swedish Inst of Computer Science, Kista, Sweden .
    Ahlgren, Bengt
    Swedish Inst of Computer Science, Kista, Sweden .
    Using Empirical Distributions to Characterize Web Client Traffic and to Generate Synthetic Traffic2000In: Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications ConferenceVolume 1, 2000, 2000, p. 428-433Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We model a web client using empirical probability distributions for user clicks and transferred data sizes. By using a heuristic threshold value to distinguish user clicks in a packet trace we get a simple method for analyzing large packet traces in order to get information about user OFF times and amount of data transferred due to a user click. We derive the empirical probability distributions from the analysis of the packet trace. The heuristic is not perfect, but we believe it is good enough to produce a useful web client model. We use the empirical model to implement a web client traffic generator. The characteristics of the generated traffic is very close to the original packet trace, including self-similar properties.

  • 24.
    Abrahamsson, Henrik
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Björkman, Mats
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Robust Traffic Engineering using L-balanced Weight-Settings in OSPF/IS-IS2008Other (Other academic)
  • 25.
    Abrahamsson, Henrik
    et al.
    SICS AB, Kista, Sweden .
    Hagsand, Olof
    Dynarc AB, Kista, Sweden .
    Marsh, Ian
    SICS AB, Kista, Sweden .
    TCP over High Speed Variable Capacity Links: A Simulation Study for Bandwidth Allocation2002In: Protocols for High Speed Networks Workshop, 2002, p. 117-129Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 26.
    Acimovic, Aleksandar
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Bajceta, Aleksandar
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Test script design approaches supporting reusability, maintainability and review process2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Software testing is widely considered to be one of the most important parts of software development life-cycle. In this research, we investigated potential improvements in the testing process and design of automated test scripts inside Bombardier Transportation. For the creation of automated test scripts BT is using a group of programs called TAF (Test Automation Framework). These scripts are used for testing Train Control Management System (TCMS), software that is used for managing the train. TAF can export its test scripts in XML format. XML scripts are analyzed in order to identify the most frequent changes. To better understand the life cycle of automated Test scripts official documentation that defines the Verification and Validation process inside BT was analyzed. Also, an interview was conducted with one of the responsible persons for testing. We believe that we have found a possible solution for improving testing process and creation of automated test scripts in BT, and to evaluate it proof of concept tool was developed. The main idea behind the tool is to write the test script using keywords which are based on analysis that was conducted on test specification documentation. These keywords represent frequent actions that are being tested on the train. By storing those actions in keywords re-usability of test script is being increased. Also, because they are based on naturally language, they are having positive effect on readability and maintenance of the test script.

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    Test script design approaches supporting reusability, maintainability and review process
  • 27.
    Adach, Malina
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ali, Nazakat
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Hänninen, Kaj
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lundqvist, Kristina
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Hazard Analysis on a System of Systems using the Hazard Ontology2023In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Today, well-established hazard analysis techniques are available and widely used to identify hazards for single systems in various industries. However, hazard analysis techniques for a System of Systems (SoS) are not properly investigated. SoS is a complex system where multiple systems work together to achieve a common goal. However, the interaction between systems may lead to unforeseen interactions and interdependencies between systems. This increases the difficulty of identifying and assessing system failures and potential safety hazards. In this paper, we explore whether Hazard Ontology (HO) can be applied to an SoS and whether it can identify emergent hazards, their causes, sources, and consequences. To conduct our exploration, we apply the HO to a quarry automation site (an SoS) from the construction equipment domain. The results indicate that the HO is a promising technique that facilitates the identification of emergent hazards and their components. 

  • 28.
    Addazi, Lorenzo
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Automated Synthesis of Model Comparison Benchmarks2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Model-driven engineering promotes the migration from code-centric to model-based software development. Systems consist of model collections integrating different concerns and perspectives, while semi-automated model transformations generate executable code combining the information from these. Increasing the abstraction level to models required appropriate management technologies supporting the various software development activities. Among these, model comparison represents one of the most challenging tasks and plays an essential role in various modelling activities. Its hardness led researchers to propose a multitude of approaches adopting different approximation strategies and exploiting specific knowledge of the involved models. However, almost no support is provided for their evaluation against specific scenarios and modelling practices. This thesis presents Benji, a framework for the automated generation of model comparison benchmarks. Given a set of differences and an initial model, users generate models resulting from the application of the first on the latter. Differences consist of preconditions, actions and postconditions expressed using a dedicated specification language. The generator converts benchmark specifications to design-space exploration problems and produces the final solutions along with a model-based description of their differences with respect to the initial model. A set of representative use cases is used to evaluate the framework against its design principles, which resemble the essential properties expected from model comparison benchmark generators.

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  • 29.
    Addazi, Lorenzo
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ciccozzi, Federico
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Langer, Philip
    EclipsSource, Austria.
    Posse, Ernesto
    Zeligsoft, Canada.
    Towards Seamless Hybrid Graphical-Textual Modelling for UML and Profiles2017In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10376, Springer, 2017, p. 20-33Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Domain-specific modelling languages, in particular those described in terms of UML profiles, use graphical notations to maximise human understanding and facilitate communication among stakeholders. Nevertheless, textual notations are preferred for specific purposes, due to the nature of a specific domain, or for personal preference. The mutually exclusive use of graphical or textual modelling is not sufficient for the development of complex systems developed by large heterogeneous teams. We envision a modern modelling framework supporting seamless hybrid graphical and textual modelling. Such a framework would provide several benefits, among which: flexible separation of concerns, multi-view modelling based on multiple notations, convenient text-based editing operations, and text-based model editing outside the modelling environment, and faster modelling activities. In this paper we describe our work towards such a framework for UML and profiles. The uniqueness is that both graphical and textual modelling are done on a common persistent model resource, thus dramatically reducing the need for synchronisation among the two notations.

  • 30.
    Afshar, Sara
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Khalilzad, Nima
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Behnam, Moris
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Bril, Reinder J.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
    Nolte, Thomas
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Intra-component Resource Sharing on a Virtual Multiprocessor Platform2016In: ACM SIGBED Review: Special Issue on 8th International Workshop on Compositional Theory and Technology for Real-Time Embedded Systems, 2016, p. 31-32Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Component-based software development facilitates the development process of large and complex software systems. By the advent of multiprocessors, the independently developed components can be integrated on a multi-core platform to achieve an efficient use of system hardware and a decrease in system power consumption and costs. In this paper, we consider a virtual multiprocessor platform where each component can be dynamically allocated to any set of processors of the platform with a maximum concurrency level. Global-EDF is used for intra-component scheduling. The existing analysis for such systems have assumed that tasks are independent. In this paper, we enable intra-component resource sharing for this platform. We investigate using a spin-based resource sharing protocol with the accompanying analysis that extends the existing analysis for independent tasks. We briefly illustrate and evaluate our initial results with an example.

  • 31.
    Afshar, Sara
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Moghaddami Khalilzad, Nima
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Nemati, Farhang
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Nolte, Thomas
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Resource Sharing among Prioritized Real-Time Applications on Multiprocessors2015In: ACM SIGBED Review - Special Issue on the 6th International Workshop on Compositional Theory and Technology for Real-Time Embedded Systems Homepage archiveVolume 12 Issue 1, 2015, p. 46-55Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we propose a new protocol for handling resource sharing among prioritized real-time applications composed on a multiprocessor platform. We propose an optimal priority assignment algorithm which assigns unique priorities to the applications based on information in their interfaces. We have performed experimental evaluations to compare the proposed protocol (called MSOS-Priority) to the current state of the art locking protocols under multiprocessor partitioned scheduling, i.e., MPCP, MSRP, FMLP, MSOS, and OMLP. The valuations show that MSOS-Priority mostly performs significantly better than alternative approaches.

  • 32.
    Afshar, Sara Zargari
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Behnam, Moris
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    J. Bril, Reinder
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
    Nolte, Thomas
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    An optimal spin-lock priority assignment algorithm for real-time multi-core systems2017In: The 23th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications RTCSA'17, 2017, article id 8046310Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Support for exclusive access to shared (global) resources is instrumental in the context of embedded real-time multi-core systems, and mechanisms for achieving such access must be deterministic and efficient. There exist two traditional approaches for multiprocessors when a task requests a global resource that is locked by a task on a remote core: a spin-based approach, i.e. non-preemptive busy waiting for the resource to become available, and a suspension-based approach, i.e. the task relinquishes the processor. A suspension-based approach can be viewed as a spin-based approach where the lowest priority on a core is used during spinning, similar to a non-preemptive spin-based approach where the highest priority on a core is used. By taking such a view, we previously provided a general model for spinning, where any arbitrary priority can be used for spinning, i.e. from the lowest to the highest priority on a core. Targeting partitioned fixed-priority preemptive scheduled multiprocessors and spin-based approaches that use a fixed priority for spinning per core for all tasks, we aim at increasing the schedulability of multiprocessor systems by using the spin-lock priority per core as parameter. In this paper, we present (i) a generalization of the traditional worst-case response-time analysis for non-preemptive spin-based approaches addressing an arbitrary but fixed spin-lock priority per core, (ii) an optimal spin-lock priority assignment (OSPA) algorithm per core, i.e. an algorithm that will find a fixed spin-lock priority per core that will make the system schedulable, whenever such an assignment exists and, (iii) comparative evaluations of the OSPA algorithm with the spin-based and suspension-based approaches where OSPA showed up to 38% improvement compared to both approaches.

  • 33.
    Afshar, Sara Zargari
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Koroorian, Fereidon
    ABB, Västerås, Sweden.
    Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Granlund, Anna
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.
    Investigating Alternatives for System Architectures to Enhance Discrete Manufacturing2019In: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, ISSN 1550-1329, E-ISSN 1550-1477, Vol. 15, no 8, article id 1550147719868668Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article investigates the possibility of advancing discrete manufacturing using system architectures that are developed for Collaborative Process Automation Systems. Collaborative Process Automation System is a technology that has the potential to achieve production excellence for process industry. However, not much attention has been paid on using the architectures based on Collaborative Process Automation Systems for discrete manufacturing domains. In this article, we propose a base architecture consisting of three layers, and we discuss various alternatives to make the communications among the layers. We consider legacy components in the proposal, in contrast to most of the related works. In order to show the practicality of the proposed alternatives, we present an example that has been implemented in an ongoing project at ABB Robotics in Sweden.

  • 34.
    Afsharmazayejani, R.
    et al.
    Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
    Yazdanpanah, F.
    Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran.
    Rezaei, A.
    Northwestern University, Evanston, United States.
    Alaei, M.
    Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran.
    Daneshtalab, Masoud
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    HoneyWiN: Novel honeycomb-based wireless NoC architecture in many-core era2018In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743, E-ISSN 1611-3349, Vol. 10824 LNCS, p. 304-316Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although NoC-based systems with many cores are commercially available, their multi-hop nature has become a bottleneck on scaling performance and energy consumption parameters. Alternatively, hybrid wireless NoC provides a postern by exploiting single-hop express links for long-distance communications. Also, there is a common wisdom that grid-like mesh is the most stable topology in conventional designs. That is why almost all of the emerging architectures had been relying on this topology as well. In this paper, first we challenge the efficiency of the grid-like mesh in emerging systems. Then, we propose HoneyWiN, a hybrid reconfigurable wireless NoC architecture that relies on the honeycomb topology. The simulation results show that on average HoneyWiN saves 17% of energy consumption while increases the network throughput by 10% compared to its wireless mesh counterpart. 

  • 35.
    Afzal, Wasif
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Alone, Snehal
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Glocksien, Kerstin
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Torkar, Richard
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Software Test Process Improvement Approaches: A Systematic Literature Review and an Industrial Case Study2016In: Journal of Systems and Software JSS, ISSN 0164-1212, Vol. 111, p. 1-33Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software test process improvement (STPI) approaches are frameworks that guide software development organizations to improve their software testing process. We have identified existing STPI approaches and their characteristics (such as completeness of development, availability of information and assessment instruments, and domain limitations of the approaches) using a systematic literature review (SLR). Furthermore, two selected approaches (TPI NEXT and TMMi) are evaluated with respect to their content and assessment results in industry. As a result of this study, we have identified 18 STPI approaches and their characteristics. A detailed comparison of the content of TPI NEXT and TMMi is done. We found that many of the STPI approaches do not provide sufficient information or the approaches do not include assessment instruments. This makes it difficult to apply many approaches in industry. Greater similarities were found between TPI NEXT and TMMi and fewer differences. We conclude that numerous STPI approaches are available but not all are generally applicable for industry. One major difference between available approaches is their model representation. Even though the applied approaches generally show strong similarities, differences in the assessment results arise due to their different model representations.

  • 36.
    Afzal, Wasif
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Bruneliere, Hugo
    AtlanMod Team, Inria, France.
    Di Ruscio, Davide
    Univ. of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
    Sadovykh, Andrey
    Softeam, France.
    Mazzini, Silvia
    Intecs, Italy.
    Cariou, Eric
    Univ. de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France.
    Truscan, Dragos
    Åbo Akademi Univ., Turku, Finland.
    Cabot, Jordi
    Jordi Cabot ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
    Field, Daniel
    ATOS, Madrid, Spain.
    Pomante, Luigi
    Univ. of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
    Smrz, Pavel
    Brno Univ. of Technol., Brno, Czech Republic.
    The MegaM@Rt2 ECSEL Project: MegaModelling at Runtime — Scalable Model-Based Framework for Continuous Development and Runtime Validation of Complex Systems2017In: The 2017 Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design DSD'17, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A major challenge for the European electronic industry is to enhance productivity while reducing costs and ensuring quality in development, integration and maintenance. Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) principles and techniques have already shown promising capabilities but still need to scale to support real-world scenarios implied by the full deployment and use of complex electronic components and systems. Moreover, maintaining efficient traceability, integration and communication between two fundamental system life-time phases (design time and runtime) is another challenge facing scalability of MDE. This paper presents an overview of the ECSEL project entitled "MegaModelling at runtime -- Scalable model-based framework for continuous development and runtime validation of complex systems" (MegaM@Rt2), whose aim is to address the above mentioned challenges facing MDE. Driven by both large and small industrial enterprises, with the support of research partners and technology providers, MegaM@Rt2 aims to deliver a framework of tools and methods for: 1) system engineering/design & continuous development, 2) related runtime analysis and 3) global model & traceability management, respectively. The diverse industrial use cases (covering domains such as aeronautics, railway, construction and telecommunications) will integrate and apply such a framework that shall demonstrate the validation of the MegaM@Rt2 solution.

  • 37.
    Afzal, Wasif
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Piadehbasmenj, Amirali
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Cloud-Based Architectures for Model-Based Simulation Testing of Embedded Software2021In: 2021 10th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing, MECO 2021, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Model-based testing (MBT) generates many test cases for validating a system under test against the user-defined requirements. Cloud computing provides powerful resources that can be utilised to execute these many test cases that would otherwise take much resources locally. Other benefits of utilizing cloud-based resources are elastic and on-demand, rapid provisioning and release of new, potentially value-adding services. Although cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) have provided the necessary technologies for successful cloud-based operation, it remains difficult to migrate and hence achieve the realisation of MBT as a service for traditional in-house testing operations, especially for embedded software. In this paper, we present a series of cloud-based architectures powered by AWS and an open-source MBT tool, GraphWalker. These architectures are realized at simulation testing stage for real-world embedded software and particularly cater for online MBT, whereby the model-based tool is deployed as a RESTful web service, accessible through a number of REST API commands. The presented architectures as well as their realization through AWS can be adopted in future for more advanced levels of simulation testing of embedded software. 

  • 38.
    Afzal, Wasif
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan .
    Torkar, Richard
    Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Towards benchmarking feature subset selection methods for software fault prediction2016In: Computational Intelligence and Quantitative Software Engineering / [ed] Witold Pedrycz, Giancarlo Succi and Alberto Sillitti, Springer-Verlag , 2016, p. 33-58Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Despite the general acceptance that software engineering datasets often contain noisy, irrele- vant or redundant variables, very few benchmark studies of feature subset selection (FSS) methods on real-life data from software projects have been conducted. This paper provides an empirical comparison of state-of-the-art FSS methods: information gain attribute ranking (IG); Relief (RLF); principal com- ponent analysis (PCA); correlation-based feature selection (CFS); consistency-based subset evaluation (CNS); wrapper subset evaluation (WRP); and an evolutionary computation method, genetic program- ming (GP), on five fault prediction datasets from the PROMISE data repository. For all the datasets, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve—the AUC value averaged over 10-fold cross- validation runs—was calculated for each FSS method-dataset combination before and after FSS. Two diverse learning algorithms, C4.5 and na ??ve Bayes (NB) are used to test the attribute sets given by each FSS method. The results show that although there are no statistically significant differences between the AUC values for the different FSS methods for both C4.5 and NB, a smaller set of FSS methods (IG, RLF, GP) consistently select fewer attributes without degrading classification accuracy. We conclude that in general, FSS is beneficial as it helps improve classification accuracy of NB and C4.5. There is no single best FSS method for all datasets but IG, RLF and GP consistently select fewer attributes without degrading classification accuracy within statistically significant boundaries.

  • 39.
    Aglianò, Simone
    et al.
    University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
    Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Behnam, Moris
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Lo Bello, Lucia
    University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
    Resource Management and Control in Virtualized SDN Networks2018In: CSI International Symposium on Real-Time and Embedded Systems and Technologies REST'18, 2018, p. 47-53Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software defined networking and network virtual-ization are widely considered promising techniques for reducing the complexity of network management in many contexts that require high Quality of Service (QoS) and the support for heterogeneous architectures. In this paper we address a network architecture, here called a virtualized SDN network, that combines the benefits of SDN and virtualization. To cope with the demand for efficiently sharing a platform among several services, here a resource management mechanism to reserve and control network resources among various services in the virtualized SDN networks is proposed. The mechanism is implemented on an SDN controller and a set of experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

  • 40.
    Ahlén, Richard
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    Grönholm, Robin
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering.
    En analys av ljudlatens i Windows 10 på tillgängliga enheter2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This report is written during a project done by two students at Mälardalen University during the course DVA331. The purpose of this project was to determine if it was possible to reduce the latency on devices with Windows 10 to what is possible on an iOS device. The reason behind this research is that Windows 10 has come with an API that supports low latency sounds. This study was made on an iPhone 4S, iPhone 6, Nokia Lumia 720 and a Nokia Lumia 920 with a contact microphone that was put on the device. The latency was measured 50 times per version of an application implemented for both operating systems. The latency could be measured between the point where the surface is touched and and the point where sound is audible, using the microphone and the audio processing software Audacity. The readings proved that iOS is still a lot faster than Windows 10 and that Windows 10 is way above the accepted audio processing limit. Further research showed that the Windows 10 reading results were caused by the Lumia devices long input latency. User tests were made on 10 individuals with the response that the latency on the Windows 10 devices was a lot longer than the iOS devices. The conclusion was that the Lumia devices used in this study were not suitable for responsive sound applications but that Windows 10 devices with lower input latency that are better suited and that new readings should be done to determine if this is the case.

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  • 41.
    Ahmadilivani, Mohammed. H.
    et al.
    Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.
    Barbareschi, Mario
    University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Barone, Salvatore
    University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Bosio, Alberto
    Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France.
    Daneshtalab, Masoud
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.
    Torca, Salvatore. D.
    University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Gavarini, Gabriele
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Jenihhin, Maksim
    Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.
    Raik, Jaan
    Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.
    Ruospo, Annachiara
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Sanchez, Ernesto
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Taheri, Mahdi
    Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.
    Special Session: Approximation and Fault Resiliency of DNN Accelerators2023In: Proceedings of the IEEE VLSI Test Symposium, IEEE Computer Society , 2023, Vol. AprilConference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Deep Learning, and in particular, Deep Neural Network (DNN) is nowadays widely used in many scenarios, including safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving. In this context, besides energy efficiency and performance, reliability plays a crucial role since a system failure can jeopardize human life. As with any other device, the reliability of hardware architectures running DNNs has to be evaluated, usually through costly fault injection campaigns. This paper explores approximation and fault resiliency of DNN accelerators. We propose to use approximate (AxC) arithmetic circuits to agilely emulate errors in hardware without performing fault injection on the DNN. To allow fast evaluation of AxC DNN, we developed an efficient GPU-based simulation framework. Further, we propose a fine-grain analysis of fault resiliency by examining fault propagation and masking in networks.

  • 42.
    Ahmadpanah, M. M.
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Hedin, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Balliu, M.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Olsson, L. E.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Sabelfeld, A.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    SandTrap: Securing javascript-driven trigger-action platforms2021In: Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Association , 2021, p. 2899-2916Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Trigger-Action Platforms (TAPs) seamlessly connect a wide variety of otherwise unconnected devices and services, ranging from IoT devices to cloud services and social networks. TAPs raise critical security and privacy concerns because a TAP is effectively a “person-in-the-middle” between trigger and action services. Third-party code, routinely deployed as “apps” on TAPs, further exacerbates these concerns. This paper focuses on JavaScript-driven TAPs. We show that the popular IFTTT and Zapier platforms and an open-source alternative Node-RED are susceptible to attacks ranging from exfiltrating data from unsuspecting users to taking over the entire platform. We report on the changes by the platforms in response to our findings and present an empirical study to assess the implications for Node-RED. Motivated by the need for a secure yet flexible way to integrate third-party JavaScript apps, we propose SandTrap, a novel JavaScript monitor that securely combines the Node.js vm module with fully structural proxy-based two-sided membranes to enforce fine-grained access control policies. To aid developers, SandTrap includes a policy generation mechanism. We instantiate SandTrap to IFTTT, Zapier, and Node-RED and illustrate on a set of benchmarks how SandTrap enforces a variety of policies while incurring a tolerable runtime overhead. 

  • 43.
    Ahmadpanah, M. M.
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Hedin, Daniel
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Sabelfeld, A.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    LazyTAP: On-Demand Data Minimization for Trigger-Action Applications2023In: Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, vol. 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2023, p. 3079-3097Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Trigger-Action Platforms (TAPs) empower applications (apps) for connecting otherwise unconnected devices and services. The current TAPs like IFTTT require trigger services to push excessive amounts of sensitive data to the TAP regardless of whether the data will be used in the app, at odds with the principle of data minimization. Furthermore, the rich features of modern TAPs, including IFTTT queries to support multiple trigger services and nondeterminism of apps, have been out of the reach of previous data minimization approaches like minTAP. This paper proposes LazyTAP, a new paradigm for fine-grained on-demand data minimization. LazyTAP breaks away from the traditional push-all approach of coarse-grained data over-approximation. Instead, LazyTAP pulls input data on-demand, once it is accessed by the app execution. Thanks to the fine granularity, LazyTAP enables tight minimization that naturally generalizes to support multiple trigger services via queries and is robust with respect to nondeterministic behavior of the apps. We achieve seamlessness for third-party app developers by leveraging laziness to defer computation and proxy objects to load necessary remote data behind the scenes as it becomes needed. We formally establish the correctness of LazyTAP and its minimization properties with respect to both IFTTT and minTAP. We implement and evaluate LazyTAP on app benchmarks showing that on average LazyTAP improves minimization by 95% over IFTTT and by 38% over minTAP, while incurring a tolerable performance overhead. 

  • 44.
    Ahmed, B. S.
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.
    Enoiu, Eduard Paul
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Afzal, Wasif
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Zamli, K. Z.
    University Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Malaysia.
    An evaluation of Monte Carlo-based hyper-heuristic for interaction testing of industrial embedded software applications2020In: Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, ISSN 1432-7643, E-ISSN 1433-7479, Vol. 24, no 18, p. 13929-13954Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hyper-heuristic is a new methodology for the adaptive hybridization of meta-heuristic algorithms to derive a general algorithm for solving optimization problems. This work focuses on the selection type of hyper-heuristic, called the exponential Monte Carlo with counter (EMCQ). Current implementations rely on the memory-less selection that can be counterproductive as the selected search operator may not (historically) be the best performing operator for the current search instance. Addressing this issue, we propose to integrate the memory into EMCQ for combinatorial t-wise test suite generation using reinforcement learning based on the Q-learning mechanism, called Q-EMCQ. The limited application of combinatorial test generation on industrial programs can impact the use of such techniques as Q-EMCQ. Thus, there is a need to evaluate this kind of approach against relevant industrial software, with a purpose to show the degree of interaction required to cover the code as well as finding faults. We applied Q-EMCQ on 37 real-world industrial programs written in Function Block Diagram (FBD) language, which is used for developing a train control management system at Bombardier Transportation Sweden AB. The results show that Q-EMCQ is an efficient technique for test case generation. Addition- ally, unlike the t-wise test suite generation, which deals with the minimization problem, we have also subjected Q-EMCQ to a maximization problem involving the general module clustering to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. The results show the Q-EMCQ is also capable of outperforming the original EMCQ as well as several recent meta/hyper-heuristic including modified choice function, Tabu high-level hyper-heuristic, teaching learning-based optimization, sine cosine algorithm, and symbiotic optimization search in clustering quality within comparable execution time. 

  • 45.
    Ahmed, Bestoun
    et al.
    Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sullIntelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Switzerland.
    Gambardella, Luca
    Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sullIntelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Switzerland.
    Afzal, Wasif
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Zamli, Kamal
    University Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia.
    Handling Constraints in Combinatorial Interaction Testing in the Presence of Multi Objective Particle Swarm and Multithreading2017In: Information and Software Technology, ISSN 0950-5849, E-ISSN 1873-6025, Vol. 86, no 01, p. 20-36Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Combinatorial strategies have received a lot of attention lately as a result of their diverse applications in areas of research, particularly in software engineering. In its simple form, a combinatorial strategy can reduce several input parameters (configurations) of a system into a small set of these parameters based on their interaction (combination). However, in practice, the input configurations of software systems are subjected to constraints, especially highly configurable systems. To implement this feature within a strategy, many difficulties arise for construction. While there are many combinatorial interaction testing strategies nowadays, few of them support constraints. This paper presents a new strategy, called Octopus to construct a combinatorial interaction test suites with the presence of constraints. The design and algorithms are provided in the paper in detail. The strategy is inspired by the behaviour of octopus to search for the optimal solution using multi-threading mechanism. To overcome the multi judgement criteria for an optimal solution, the multi-objective particle swarm optimisation is used. The strategy and its algorithms are evaluated extensively using different benchmarks and comparisons. The evaluation results showed the efficiency of each algorithm in the strategy. The benchmarking results also showed that Octopus can generate test suites efficiently as compared to state-of-the-art strategies.

  • 46.
    Ahmed, Bestoun
    et al.
    Czech Technical University, Czech Republic.
    Zamli, Kamal
    University Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia..
    Afzal, Wasif
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Bures, Miroslav
    Czech Technical University, Czech Republic.
    Constrained Interaction Testing: A Systematic Literature Study2017In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, IEEE Access, ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. PP, no 99Article, book review (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Interaction testing can be used to effectively detect faults that are otherwise difficult to find by other testing techniques. However, in practice, the input configurations of software systems are subjected to constraints, especially in the case of highly configurable systems. Handling constraints effectively and efficiently in combinatorial interaction testing is a challenging problem. Nevertheless, researchers have attacked this challenge through different techniques, and much progress has been achieved in the past decade. Thus, it is useful to reflect on the current achievements and shortcomings and to identify potential areas of improvements. This paper presents the first comprehensive and systematic literature study to structure and categorize the research contributions for constrained interaction testing. Following the guidelines of conducting a literature study, the relevant data is extracted from a set of 103 research papers belonging to constrained interaction testing. The topics addressed in constrained interaction testing research are classified into four categories of constraint test generation, application, generation & application and model validation studies. The papers within each of these categories are extensively reviewed. Apart from answering several other research questions, this study also discusses the applications of constrained interaction testing in several domains such as software product lines, fault detection & characterization, test selection, security and GUI testing. The study ends with a discussion of limitations, challenges and future work in the area.

  • 47.
    Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    An Intelligent Healthcare Service to Monitor Vital Signs in Daily Life – A Case Study on Health-IoT2017In: International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, E-ISSN 2248-9622, Vol. 7, no 3, p. 43-55Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Vital signs monitoring for elderly in daily life environment is a promising concept that efficiently can provide medical services to people at home. However, make the system self-served and functioning as personalized provision makes the challenge even larger. This paper presents a case study on a Health-IoT system where an intelligent healthcare service is developed to monitor vital signs in daily life. Here, a generic Health-IoT framework with a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is presented. The generic framework is mainly focused on the supporting sensors, communication media, secure and safe data communication, cloud-based storage, and remote accesses of the data. The CDSS is used to provide a personalized report on persons’ health condition based on daily basis observation on vital signs. Six participants, from Spain (n=3) and Slovenia (n=3) have been using the proposed healthcare system for eight weeks (e.g. 300+ health measurements) in their home environments to monitor their health. The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of the DSS’s classification are achieved as 90%, 97% and 96% respectively while k=2 i.e., top 2 most similar retrieved cases are considered. The initial user evaluation result demonstrates the feasibility and performance of the implemented system through the proposed framework.

  • 48.
    Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Altarabichi, Mohammed Ghaith
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Begum, Shahina
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Ginsberg, Fredrik
    Mälardalen University.
    Glaes, Robert
    Mälardalen University.
    Östgren, Magnus
    Mälardalen University.
    Rahman, Hamidur
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Sorensen, Magnus
    Mälardalen University.
    A vision-based indoor navigation system for individuals with visual impairment2019In: International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, E-ISSN 0974-0635, Vol. 17, no 2, p. 188-201Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Navigation and orientation in an indoor environment are a challenging task for visually impaired people. This paper proposes a portable vision-based system to provide support for visually impaired persons in their daily activities. Here, machine learning algorithms are used for obstacle avoidance and object recognition. The system is intended to be used independently, easily and comfortably without taking human help. The system assists in obstacle avoidance using cameras and gives voice message feedback by using a pre-trained YOLO Neural Network for object recognition. In other parts of the system, a floor plane estimation algorithm is proposed for obstacle avoidance and fuzzy logic is used to prioritize the detected objects in a frame and generate alert to the user about possible risks. The system is implemented using the Robot Operating System (ROS) for communication on a Nvidia Jetson TX2 with a ZED stereo camera for depth calculations and headphones for user feedback, with the capability to accommodate different setup of hardware components. The parts of the system give varying results when evaluated and thus in future a large-scale evaluation is needed to implement the system and get it as a commercialized product in this area.

  • 49.
    Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Begum, Shahina
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Convolutional Neural Network for Driving Maneuver Identification Based on Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and Global Positioning System (GPS)2020In: Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, E-ISSN 2624-9634, Vol. 2, article id 34Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Identification and translation of different driving manoeuvre are some of the key elements to analysis driving risky behavior. However, the major obstacles to manoeuvre identification are the wide variety of styles of driving manoeuvre which are performed during driving. The objective in this contribution through the paper is to automatic identification of driver manoeuvre e.g. driving in roundabouts, left and right turns, breaks, etc. based on Inertia Measurement Unit (IMU) and Global Positioning System (GPS). Here, several Machine Learning (ML) algorithms i.e. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), K-nearest neighbor (k-NN), Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) have been applied for automatic feature extraction and classification on the IMU and GPS data sets collected through a Naturalistic Driving Studies (NDS) under an H2020 project called SimuSafe . The CNN is further compared with HMM, RF, ANN, k-NN and SVM to observe the ability to identify a car manoeuvre through roundabouts. According to the results, CNN outperforms (i.e. average F1-score of 0.88 both roundabout and not roundabout) among the other ML classifiers and RF presents better correlation than CNN, i.e. MCC = -.022.

  • 50.
    Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin
    et al.
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Begum, Shahina
    Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.
    Catalina, Carlos Alberto
    ITCL Polígono Industrial Villalonquéjar c/López Bravo, 70. 09001 BURGOS, Spain.
    Limonad, Lior
    Smart Wearable and IoT Solutions, IBM Research, Haifa, Israil.
    Hök, Bertil
    Hök Instrument AB, Sweden.
    Flumeri, Gianluca Di
    Cognitive States in Operative Environment, BrainSigns, Italy.
    Cloud-based Data Analytics on Human Factor Measurement to Improve Safer Transport2018In: Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, LNICST, Volume 225, 2018, p. 101-106Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Improving safer transport includes individual and collective behavioural aspects and their interaction. A system that can monitor and evaluate the human cognitive and physical capacities based on human factor measurement is often beneficial to improve safety in driving condition. However, analysis and evaluation of human factor measurement i.e. Demographics, Behavioural and Physiological in real-time is challenging. This paper presents a methodology for cloud-based data analysis, categorization and metrics correlation in real-time through a H2020 project called SimuSafe. Initial implementation of this methodology shows a step-by-step approach which can handle huge amount of data with variation and verity in the cloud.

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