This descriptive article aims to discuss the development of Finnish PhD education in science andmathematics education research over the past 20 years. First, the general aims and structure of PhDeducation at the national level are introduced. Doctoral studies seek to develop research knowledgeand skills as well as the capability to produce novel scientific knowledge. Second, the development ofPhD education in the Finnish context of science and mathematics education research is discussed. Forthe past 20 years, there has been a special focus on improving PhD education through national-levelgraduate schools and international collaboration. Finally, the recent changes in PhD education, suchas the replacement of doctoral programmes at local universities, is discussed through the case of theUniversity of Helsinki.