The Factory-in-a-Box concept is currently being developed in a Swedish research project and consists of standardized production modules that are installed in a container and transported by e.g. a truck or by train. The modules may rapidly be combined into production systems that can be reconfigured for a new product and/or scaled to handle new volumes. The key features of this futuristic production system concept are thus flexibility, mobility, and speed. The objective with this paper is to discuss how research within the area of maintenance and condition monitoring will help realizing flexibility, mobility, and speed within the Factory-in-a-Box concept. The paper presents how maintenance will be an important enabler in the Factory-in-a-Box project and will explain and describe how maintenance should be used in achieving high availability.