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The essence of component-based software engineering is embodied in component models. Component models specify the properties of components and the mechanism of component compositions. In a rapid growth, a plethora of different component models has been developed, using different technologies, having different aims, and using different principles. This has resulted in a number of models and technologies which have some similarities, but also principal differences, and in many cases unclear concepts. Component-based development has not succeeded in providing standard principles, as for example object-oriented development. In order to increase the understanding of the concepts, and to easier differentiate component models, this paper provides a Component Model Classification Framework which identifies and quantifies basic principles of component models. Further, the paper classifies a certain number of component models using this framework.

In this paper, we introduce the model REMES for formal modeling and analysis of embedded resources such as storage,energy, communication, and computation. The model is a state-machine based behavioral language with support for hierarchical modeling, resource annotations, continuous time, and notions of explicit entry and exit points that make it suitable for component-based modeling of embedded systems.The analysis of REMES-based systems is centered around a weighted sum in which the variables represent the amounts of consumed resources. We describe a numberof important resource related analysis problems, including feasibility, trade-off, and optimal resource-utilization analysis.To formalize these problems and provide a basis for rigorous analysis, we show how to analyze REMES models using the framework of priced timed automata and weightedCTL. To illustrate the approach, we describe a case study inwhich it has been applied to model and analyze resource usageof a temperature control system.

In this paper we focus on design of a class of distributed embedded systems that primarily perform real-time controlling tasks. We propose a two-layer component model for design and development of such embedded systems with the aim of using component-based development for decreasing the complexity in design and providing a ground for analyzing them and predict their properties, such as resource consumption and timing behavior. The two-layer model is used to efficiently cope with different design paradigms on different abstraction levels. The model is illustrated by an example from the vehicular domain.

The conflicting requirements of real-time embedded systems, e.g. minimizing memory usage while still ensuring that all deadlines are met at run-time, require rigorous analysis of the system's resource consumption, starting at early design stages. In this paper, we glance through several representative frameworks that model and estimate resource usage of embedded systems, pointing out advantages and limitations. In the end, we describe our own view on how to model and carry out formal analysis of embedded resources, along with developing the system.

ProCom is a new component model for real-timeand embedded systems, targeting the domains of vehicularand telecommunication systems. In this paper, we describehow the architectural elements of the ProCom componentmodel have been given a formal semantics. The semantics isgiven in a small but powerful finite state machine formalism,with notions of urgency, timing, and priorities. By definingthe semantics in this way, we (i) provide a rigorous and compactdescription of the modeling elements of ProCom, (ii) setthe ground for formal analysis using other formalisms, and(iii) provide an intuitive and useful description for bothpractitioners and researchers. To illustrate the approach,we exemplify with a number of particularly interestingcases, ranging from ports and services to components andcomponent hierarchies.