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HERMES: Heuristic Multi-queue Scheduler for TSN Time-Triggered Traffic with Zero Reception Jitter Capabilities
Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5805-3015
Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3469-1834
Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1364-8127
Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6132-7945
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2022 (English)In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery , 2022, p. 70-80Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards provide a toolbox of features to be utilized in various application domains.The core TSN features include deterministic zero-jitter and low-latency data transmission and transmitting traffic with various levels of time-criticality on the same network. To achieve a deterministic transmission, the TSN standards define a time-aware shaper that coordinates transmission of Time-Triggered (TT) traffic. In this paper, we tackle the challenge of scheduling the TT traffic and we propose a heuristic algorithm, called HERMES. Unlike the existing scheduling solutions, HERMES results in a significantly faster algorithm run-time and a high number of schedulable networks. HERMES can be configured in two modes of zero or relaxed reception jitter while using multiple TT queues to improve the schedulability. We compare HERMES with a constraint programming (CP)-based solution and we show that HERMES performs better than the CP-based solution if multiple TT queues are used, both with respect to algorithm run-time and schedulability of the networks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Computing Machinery , 2022. p. 70-80
Keywords [en]
heuristics., scheduling, time-triggered, TSN, zero jitter, Constraint programming, Constraint theory, Heuristic algorithms, Jitter, Queueing theory, Applications domains, Deterministics, Heuristic., Low latency, Runtimes, Schedulability, Time triggered, Time-sensitive networking
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-59667DOI: 10.1145/3534879.3534906ISI: 001117734100007Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85132432248ISBN: 9781450396509 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mdh-59667DiVA, id: diva2:1686169
Conference
30th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems, RTNS 2022, 7 June 2022 through 8 June 2022
Available from: 2022-08-08 Created: 2022-08-08 Last updated: 2024-12-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Enhancing TSN Adoption by Industry: Tools to Support Migrating Ethernet-based Legacy Networks into TSN
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enhancing TSN Adoption by Industry: Tools to Support Migrating Ethernet-based Legacy Networks into TSN
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

New technologies present opportunities and challenges for industries. One major challenge is the ease, or even feasibility, of its adoption. The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards offer a range of features relevant to various applications and are key for the transition to Industry 4.0. These features include deterministic zero-jitter, low-latency data transmission, transmission of traffic with various levels of time-criticality on the same network, fault tolerance mechanisms, and advanced network management allowing dynamic reconfiguration.

This thesis aims to develop tools that enable the industry to adopt TSN easily and efficiently. Specifically, we create tools that facilitate the migration of legacy networks to TSN, enabling the preservation of most of the legacy systems and solutions while reducing costs and adoption time. Firstly, we introduce LETRA (Legacy Ethernet-based Traffic Mapping Tool), a tool for mapping Ethernet-based legacy traffic to the new TSN traffic classes. Secondly, we develop HERMES (Heuristic Multi-queue Scheduler), a heuristic Time-Triggered (TT) traffic scheduler that can meet the characteristics of legacy systems and provide quick results suitable for reconfiguration. Thirdly, we develop TALESS (TSN with Legacy End-Stations Synchronization), a mechanism to avoid adverse consequences caused by the lack of synchronization between legacy systems and TSN-based ones, as not all legacy systems need to support the TSN synchronization mechanisms. Finally, we improve Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) to enhance Audio-Video Bridging (AVB) traffic configuration in terms of termination and consistency.

Abstract [sv]

Uppfinningen av ångmaskinen i slutet av 1700-talet markerade början på en kontinuerlig och snabb process av automatisering och förbättring inom industrin, som tog ytterligare fart i och med införandet av datorstyrda maskiner och robotik i mitten av 1900-talet. Moderna fabriker och deras produkter är beroende av hundratals specialiserade processorer, inklusive sensorer, ställdon och styrenheter, som samarbetar för att utföra uppgifter och tillhandahålla tjänster. Dessa processorer är beroende av kommunikations-subsystem för att samordna och dela resurser. Dessa system, som vanligtvis kallas distribuerade system, omger oss och används av de flesta människor hela tiden. Exempel på distribuerade system finns i en mängd olika exempel, från moderna bilar till fabriker som producerar olika varor. I en bil finns det till exempel många olika sensorer och ställdon som hastighetsmätare, positionssensorer, bränsleinsprutare och tändspolar, som alla arbetar tillsammans för att se till att bilen fungerar säkert och effektivt, medan det i fabriker används robotarmar, transportband och andra anordningar för att automatisera produktionsprocessen och öka effektiviteten.

Den snabba utvecklingen av tekniken kan dock göra det svårt för företag att hålla jämna steg med de senaste verktygen och systemen, eftersom kostnaden för att införa tekniken kanske inte är kostnadseffektiv, inte bara på grund av att tekniken måste förvärvas, utan också på grund av de förändringar som införandet kräver i andra system som samarbetar. Till exempel skulle införandet av ett nytt kommunikations-subsystem kräva att alla enheter som använder det anpassas. Dessutom kräver uppgraderingen till nyare teknik ofta betydande resurser, inte bara ekonomiska utan även naturresurser. Detta kan leda till ökat avfall och ökade koldioxidutsläpp, vilket utgör en risk för miljön. Dessutom kan följderna av teknikuppgraderingar, till exempel bortskaffande av föråldrad utrustning och produktion av e-avfall, ha ytterligare miljöpåverkan.

I den här avhandlingen fokuserar vi på Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), en ny kommunikationsstandard med betydande fördelar för den framväxande tekniken. Även om TSN-tekniken ger många fördelar, bland annat högre kommunikationshastighet och lägre latenstider, saknar många nuvarande industrisystem mjuk- och hårdvarukraven för att stödja denna teknik. Målet med vår forskning är därför tvåfaldigt: för det första att förbättra TSN’s mekanismer för att göra den mer attraktiv för industrin och för det andra att utveckla verktyg som möjliggör en sömlös migration och integration av äldre system till TSN, så att slutstationerna kan utnyttja fördelarna med TSN utan att behöva byta ut eller uppgradera större delen av systemet. Detta tillvägagångssätt sparar värdefull tid och resurser och minskar det avfall som uppstår under processen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Västerås: Mälardalen University, 2023
Series
Mälardalen University Press Licentiate Theses, ISSN 1651-9256 ; 338
Keywords
Legacy support, TSN.
National Category
Communication Systems Embedded Systems
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-62046 (URN)978-91-7485-586-9 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-04-20, Beta and digitally, Mälardalens universitet, Västerås, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-03-10 Created: 2023-03-10 Last updated: 2023-03-30Bibliographically approved
2. Improved Configuration and Analysis Solutions for Time-Sensitive Networks with Support for Legacy Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improved Configuration and Analysis Solutions for Time-Sensitive Networks with Support for Legacy Systems
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The new generation networks and systems are increasingly demanded to present higher capacities such as flexibility, adaptability, or real-time capabilities. In this context, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards provide Ethernet with functionalities capable of meeting these new demands. However, the adoption of TSN by the industry has been limited due to the high complexity of configuring and analyzing its various mechanisms. This thesis aims to address this issue by developing tools to facilitate the adoption of TSN in the industry. To this end, we have created tools to enable efficient and semi-automatic TSN configuration and analysis. These tools can efficiently configure TSN networks based on traffic characteristics while supporting legacy devices in case of migration or integration of legacy systems to TSN. Additionally, the analysis tools enable guaranteeing the compliance of the TSN configuration with the network requirements with reduced waste of resources.

Specifically, we have devised a mapping tool called LETRA to distribute the Ethernet-based traffic among the three basic types of TSN traffic, i.e. Scheduled Traffic (ST), Audio-Video Bridging Traffic (AVB), and Best-Effort Traffic (BE). Since ST requires traffic scheduling, we developed HERMES, a heuristic scheduler that generates efficient schedules in a fast manner. For AVB traffic, which requires some previous schedulability analysis to guarantee it meets its time requirements, we propose a new Worst-Case Response Time Analysis (WCRTA) which reduces the pessimism of previous approaches. Finally, regarding the support for the integration of legacy devices in TSN systems, we have developed mechanisms to avoid adverse consequences resulting from the lack of synchronization between legacy devices and TSN.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Västerås: Mälardalen University, 2024. p. 245
Series
Mälardalen University Press Dissertations, ISSN 1651-4238 ; 425
Keywords
traffic mapping, Ethernet message characteristics, legacy support, synchronization, Time-Sensitive Networking, Worst-Case Response Time Analysis, Audio-Video Bridging, scheduling
National Category
Computer Sciences Computer Engineering
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-69294 (URN)978-91-7485-693-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-01-17, Gamma, Mälardalens universitet, Västerås, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-12-06 Created: 2024-12-05 Last updated: 2024-12-10Bibliographically approved

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Bujosa Mateu, DanielAshjaei, Seyed Mohammad HosseinPapadopoulos, AlessandroNolte, Thomas

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