This chapter describes trends in global poverty and inequality during the recent era of globalization. The first section reviews the evidence on global trends in poverty during the past two decades. The second section examines the evidence on trends in income inequality. The third section summarizes the current debates concerning whether the forces of globalization-in particular, increased trade and the closer integration of developing countries into the global economy-are responsible for the observed trends in poverty and inequality. The final section draws out some implications of globalization for the future of poverty and inequality in the world.