https://www.mdu.se/

Augmented reality, e.g. immersive visual technologies, augment the human's capabilities. If not properly designed, such augmentation may contribute to the decrease of the human's awareness (e.g., due to distraction) and reaction time efficiency, leading to catastrophic consequences, when included within safety-critical socio-technical systems. Current state-of-the-art taxonomies and vocabularies on human failures do not consider the augmented realityextended humans. In this paper, first, we review, harmonize and systematically organize the existing human failure taxonomies and vocabularies. More specifically, we consider the existing taxonomies as a product line and propose a feature diagram (visual specification of product lines), which includes the human's functions and the potential failures of those functions, and where commonalities and variabilities represent the evolution over time. Then, to deal with immersive visual technologies, we make the diagram evolve by including additional features. Our feature diagram-given taxonomies of taxonomies may serve as the foundation for failure logic-based analysis of imagecentric socio-technical systems.

With the ultimate purpose of assessing risk within augmented reality-equipped socio-technical systems, in our previous work, we systematically organized and extended state-ofthe- art taxonomies of human failures to include the failures related to the extended capabilities enabled by AR technologies. The result of our organization and extension was presented in form of a feature diagram. Current state-of-the-art taxonomies of faults leading to human failures do not consider augmented reality effects and the new types of faults leading to human failures. Thus, in this paper, we develop our previous work further and review state-of-the-art taxonomies of faults leading to human failures in order to: 1) organize them systematically, and 2) include the new faults, which might be due to AR. Coherently with what done previously, we use a feature diagram to represent the commonalities and variabilities of the different taxonomies and we introduce new features to represent the new AR-caused faults. Finally, an AR-equipped socio-technical system is presented and used to discuss about the usefulness of our taxonomy.

With the emergence of new technologies such as augmented reality in socio-technical systems, traditional risk assessment methods may fail to have a comprehensive system modelling, because these technologies extend human's capabilities, which might introduce new types of human failures caused by failing these extended capabilities and new types of faults leading to human failures. Current state-of-the-art modelling techniques do not contemplate these capabilities and augmented reality-caused faults leading to human failures. In our previous work, we proposed an extension for modelling safety-critical socio-technical systems, to model augmented reality-extended humans by using a taxonomy that contains AR-specific human's failure behavior. In this paper, we continue our extension by investigating faults leading to human failures including faults because of augmented reality. Our extension builds on top of a metamodel for modelling socio-technical component-based systems, named SafeConcert. We illustrate our extension on two fictitious but credible systems taken from air traffic control and rail industry. In order to model augmented reality-equipped socio-technical systems, we need to consider human and organization as parts of the system and augmented reality as a technology used in the system.