In this chapter neoclassical Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is criticised as being too simplistic and also too specific in ideological terms. Positionnal Analysis (PA) is advocated as an alternative based on a defintion of economics in terms of multidimensional analysis and democracy. Non-monetary impacts are regarded as being as "economic" as monetary ones and decision-making is seen as a multiple-stage process where issues of inertia, path-dependence and irreversibility can be considered. While PA is still based on some simplifications, it is argued that the approach is closer to the complexities of the real world.
Sustainable development is presented as a multidimensional issue where mainstream neoclassical theory has failed. A degree of pluralism in economics is needed to overcome some of the present unsustainable trends. As an example CBA-analysts cannot dictate correct values for assessment in a democratic soviety. In relation to decision-making, different and competing ideological orientations need to be considered.