There is enough biomass annual growth to replace all fossil fuels used principally. Still, only a small portion of this is actually used efficiently. In this chapter we discuss the resources and how they can be utilized in different ways. Especially use in bio-refineries is discussed, where both full scale plants and future directions is addressed. Concerning future directions for bio-refineries an EU project ABOWE demonstrated how organic waste can be used for production of chemicals like 2,3-butanediol, valeric acid, hydrogen and other organic acids. After this crops for food is discussed and how waste from agriculture can be utilized as source for production of the chemicals and crops with different metabolic paths are discussed briefly, C3, C4 and CAM crops. C3 crops are the most common while C4 and CAM have more efficient systems for CO2 fixation and also have much higher efficiency from sun to chemicals. Also other applications are presented like extraction of metals using microorganisms and production of meat replacement using fungi. Finally obstacles for the efficient utilization of biomass are discussed.