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Kumar Sah, D., Vahabi, M. & Fotouhi, H. (2025). A Comprehensive Review on 5G IIoT Test-Beds. IEEE transactions on consumer electronics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Comprehensive Review on 5G IIoT Test-Beds
2025 (English)In: IEEE transactions on consumer electronics, ISSN 0098-3063, E-ISSN 1558-4127Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is changing the modern industrial processes through the integration of devices, sensors, and control systems, enabling real-time monitoring, automation, and datadriven decision-making. A significant challenge within IIoT systems, especially in control applications, is achieving guaranteed latency while ensuring high reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent research in IIoT, with a particular emphasis on the role of fifth generation (5G) wireless communication technologies. It includes an in-depth analysis of experiments conducted via real-world test-beds, providing insights into the performance of IIoT systems utilizing 5G technology. Additionally, the important support which has taken from different simulations and emulations in terms of library, protocols stacks and so on also discussed. We also assess how effectively these test-beds and platforms replicate real-world industrial environments and their capability to evaluate system performance under varying network configurations. Furthermore, we explore key technical parameters commonly used in IIoT research, including throughput, jitter, packet loss, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency. This paper highlights both the benefits and limitations of employing test-beds for evaluating IIoT systems in industrial applications. It further examines the essential role of futuristic technologies, challenges and outlines research directions aimed at IIoT systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
Keywords
5G, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Latency, Simulations, test-beds, URLLC, Wi-Fi, Wireless Communication, Energy efficiency, Equipment testing, Industrial research, Internet of things, Process control, Real time systems, Industrial internet of thing, Industrial processs, Real time monitoring, Simulation, Test bed, WI - FI, Wireless communications, Decision making
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-72420 (URN)10.1109/TCE.2025.3572058 (DOI)2-s2.0-105008041470 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-06-25 Created: 2025-06-25 Last updated: 2025-06-25Bibliographically approved
Kumar Sah, D., Vahabi, M. & Fotouhi, H. (2025). Federated learning at the edge in Industrial Internet of Things: A review. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 46, Article ID 101087.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Federated learning at the edge in Industrial Internet of Things: A review
2025 (English)In: Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, ISSN 2210-5379, E-ISSN 2210-5387, Vol. 46, article id 101087Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The convergence of Federated learning (FL) and Edge computing (EC) has emerged as an essential paradigm, particularly within the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to enable the intelligent decision making. This work diligently examines the current state-of-the-art research at the intersection of FL, EC, and IIoT. An extensive review of the literature explores the diverse applications and challenges associated with this integration. The challenges range from privacy preservation and communication overhead to resource allocation. The incorporation of edge devices at which ensuring the federated learning in distributed manner helps to minimize energy consumption in IIoT, ultimately leads to a sustainable computing environment. By exploring the existing literature and research advancements, our goal is to highlight existing Edge-IoT software and hardware platforms and assess their usability in addressing challenges. In addition, we review existing recent frameworks, methodologies, and models employed to address these challenges, focusing on key performance matrices and its domain such as application, networking, and learning. We highlight the achievements and potential of FL and EC and underscore the need for tailored solutions to suit the unique demands of IIoT. Furthermore, we identify some of the major challenges as opportunities for future research, requires interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative algorithmic solutions. This work can help navigate through the challenges and unlock the full potential, contributing to the advancement of future IIoT applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Inc., 2025
Keywords
Anomaly detection (AD), Edge computing (EC), Federated learning (FL), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Machine learning (ML), Privacy preservation (PP), Adversarial machine learning, Contrastive Learning, Differential privacy, Anomaly detection, Edge computing, Federated learning, Industrial internet of thing, Machine learning, Machine-learning, Privacy preservation
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-70296 (URN)10.1016/j.suscom.2025.101087 (DOI)001429208100001 ()2-s2.0-85217977797 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-02-26 Created: 2025-02-26 Last updated: 2025-03-31Bibliographically approved
Adeli, M. H., Abbasi-Moghadam, D., Fotouhi, H. & Razavizadeh, M. (2025). Optimizing Energy Efficiency in UPA-Assisted SWIPT Massive MIMO Systems Over Rician Fading Channels. IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 6, 236-247
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimizing Energy Efficiency in UPA-Assisted SWIPT Massive MIMO Systems Over Rician Fading Channels
2025 (English)In: IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, ISSN 2644-1268, Vol. 6, p. 236-247Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (mMIMO) is a promising solution for enabling green communication in next-generation wireless networks. Integrating mMIMO with Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) technology can further enhance the system efficiencies in terms of Energy Efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency. This paper studies the feasibility and energy-efficient design of a uniform planar antenna (UPA)-assisted mMIMO-enabled SWIPT system. The downlink transmission of the SWIPT mMIMO system over the Rician fading channels is investigated with terminals harvesting energy based on a nonlinear energy harvesting model. We derive approximate expressions for signal-to-interference-plus-noise Ratio (SINR) and harvested power. Additionally, we formulate an EE optimization problem considering user-level quality of service and total transmit power constraints. To solve this nonconvex problem, we jointly optimize the allocated power and Power Splitting (PS) ratios by exploiting the fractional programming and convex-concave procedure approaches. Results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed design compared to the conventional scenarios with equal power allocation and fixed PS ratio algorithms with about 2 to 5 times EE improvements. The Results also indicate a considerably higher growth rate on EE by increasing the number of antennas and Rician factors compared to the two other methods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
Keywords
3D Beamforming, Convex Optimization, Energy Efficiency, Massive MIMO, Nonlinear Energy Harvesting, Power Allocation, Rician Fading Channel, SWIPT, Beam forming networks, Fading channels, Inductive power transmission, Signal to noise ratio, Convex optimisation, Energy, Information and power transfers, Power allocations, Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-69948 (URN)10.1109/OJCS.2025.3525519 (DOI)001405845600002 ()2-s2.0-105001252665 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-01-29 Created: 2025-01-29 Last updated: 2025-04-09Bibliographically approved
Rabet, I., Fotouhi, H., Alves, M., Vahabi, M. & Björkman, M. (2024). A Stochastic Network Calculus Model for TSCH Schedulers. In: Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2024: . Paper presented at 2024 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), June 26 2024 to June 29 2024, Paris, France.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Stochastic Network Calculus Model for TSCH Schedulers
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2024 (English)In: Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2024, 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Low-power wireless Internet of Things (IoT) devices employ Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Medium Access Control to achieve predictable timing behaviour. TSCH aims at collision-free scheduling by exploiting diversity over time (slots) and frequency (channels). However, existing works on performance and worst-case analysis are based on deterministic models, which lead to rather pessimistic non-realistic results, i.e. tools for probabilistic performance analysis of TSCH schedulers are still lacking. In this context, we devised a Stochastic Network Calculus model that enables to calculate end-to-end delays for specific traffic flows and (deadline) violation probability, building on Moment Generating Functions. We instantiate this SNC model and provide bounds for three widely used TSCH schedulers, namely Minimal Scheduling Function, Orchestra, and a custom collision-free scheduler, with different parameters such as radio duty-cycle, radio link quality, and traffic arrival rate. We demonstrate that our proposed model closely follows the simulation results, under different network scenarios.

National Category
Computer Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-69143 (URN)10.1109/ISCC61673.2024.10733626 (DOI)001363176200065 ()2-s2.0-85209205841 (Scopus ID)979-8-3503-5423-2 (ISBN)
Conference
2024 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), June 26 2024 to June 29 2024, Paris, France
Available from: 2024-11-14 Created: 2024-11-14 Last updated: 2025-02-26Bibliographically approved
Rabet, I., Fotouhi, H., Alves, M., Vahabi, M. & Björkman, M. (2024). ACTOR: Adaptive Control of Transmission Power in RPL. Sensors, 24(7), Article ID 2330.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>ACTOR: Adaptive Control of Transmission Power in RPL
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2024 (English)In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 24, no 7, article id 2330Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

RPL-Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (usually pronounced "ripple")-is the de facto standard for IoT networks. However, it neglects to exploit IoT devices' full capacity to optimize their transmission power, mainly because it is quite challenging to do so in parallel with the routing strategy, given the dynamic nature of wireless links and the typically constrained resources of IoT devices. Adapting the transmission power requires dynamically assessing many parameters, such as the probability of packet collisions, energy consumption, the number of hops, and interference. This paper introduces Adaptive Control of Transmission Power for RPL (ACTOR) for the dynamic optimization of transmission power. ACTOR aims to improve throughput in dense networks by passively exploring different transmission power levels. The classic solutions of bandit theory, including the Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) and Discounted UCB, accelerate the convergence of the exploration and guarantee its optimality. ACTOR is also enhanced via mechanisms to blacklist undesirable transmission power levels and stabilize the topology of parent-child negotiations. The results of the experiments conducted on our 40-node, 12-node testbed demonstrate that ACTOR achieves a higher packet delivery ratio by almost 20%, reduces the transmission power of nodes by up to 10 dBm, and maintains a stable topology with significantly fewer parent switches compared to the standard RPL and the selected benchmarks. These findings are consistent with simulations conducted across 7 different scenarios, where improvements in end-to-end delay, packet delivery, and energy consumption were observed by up to 50%.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2024
Keywords
wireless sensor networks, Routing Protocol for Low-Power Lossy Networks (RPL), radio resource management, transmission power control, multi-armed bandit, reinforcement learning, Upper Confidence Bound (UCB), performance evaluation, simulation, testbed, IPv6, 6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-66493 (URN)10.3390/s24072330 (DOI)001201045700001 ()38610541 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85190249617 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-04-24 Created: 2024-04-24 Last updated: 2024-11-14Bibliographically approved
Rabet, I., Fotouhi, H., Alves, M., Vahabi, M. & Björkman, M. (2024). Forte: Hybrid Traffic-Aware Scheduling for Mobile TSCH Nodes. In: : . Paper presented at 2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Oct. 8 2024 to Oct. 10 2024, Normandy, France.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Forte: Hybrid Traffic-Aware Scheduling for Mobile TSCH Nodes
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2024 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT), particularly within Industrial IoT, impose stricter reliability and efficiency requirements on low-power wireless technologies. This has driven the creation of new medium access protocols, such as Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH). Recently, autonomous schedulers, which manage wireless links without node negotiation, are gaining popularity due to their lightweight and reliable operation. However, challenges arise with node mobility and dynamic traffic, as current schedulers use a static allocation method. To overcome this gap, we propose Forte, a hybrid scheduler that combines autonomous scheduling for basic connectivity with a centralized on-demand scheduler that allocates extra timeslots and frequency channels so that nodes adapt to the dynamic requirements. The centralized module formulates a Lyapunov optimization to guarantee queue stability while minimizing negotiation overhead and nodes’ duty-cycles. Forte outperforms the state-of-the-art by reducing packet end-to-end delay and increasing packet delivery ratio, all with minimal duty-cycle increase.

Series
2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), ISSN 2831-7742, E-ISSN 2832-1421
National Category
Computer Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-69144 (URN)10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639734 (DOI)001433480800056 ()2-s2.0-85214932454 (Scopus ID)9798350388008 (ISBN)
Conference
2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Oct. 8 2024 to Oct. 10 2024, Normandy, France
Available from: 2024-11-14 Created: 2024-11-14 Last updated: 2025-03-26Bibliographically approved
Satka, Z., Ashjaei, S. M., Fotouhi, H., Daneshtalab, M., Sjödin, M. & Mubeen, S. (2023). A comprehensive systematic review of integration of time sensitive networking and 5G communication. Journal of systems architecture, 138, Article ID 102852.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A comprehensive systematic review of integration of time sensitive networking and 5G communication
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2023 (English)In: Journal of systems architecture, ISSN 1383-7621, E-ISSN 1873-6165, Vol. 138, article id 102852Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Many industrial real-time applications in various domains, e.g., automotive, industrial automation, industrial IoT, and industry 4.0, require ultra-low end-to-end network latency, often in the order of 10 milliseconds or less. The IEEE 802.1 time-sensitive networking (TSN) is a set of standards that supports the required low-latency wired communication with ultra-low jitter. The flexibility of such a wired connection can be increased if it is integrated with a mobile wireless network. The fifth generation of cellular networks (5G) is capable of supporting the required levels of network latency with the Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) service. To fully utilize the potential of these two technologies (TSN and 5G) in industrial applications, seamless integration of the TSN wired-based network with the 5G wireless-based network is needed. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and well-structured snapshot of the existing research on TSN-5G integration. In this regard, we present the planning, execution, and analysis results of the systematic review. We also identify the trends, technical characteristics, and potential gaps in the state of the art, thus highlighting future research directions in the integration of TSN and 5G communication technologies. We notice that 73% of the primary studies address the time synchronization in the integration of TSN and 5G technologies, introducing approaches with an accuracy starting from the levels of hundred nanoseconds to one microsecond. Majority of primary studies aim at optimizing communication latency in their approach, which is a key quality attribute in automotive and industrial automation applications today.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Time-Sensitive Networking, TSN, 5G, TSN-5G, URLLC, Industry 4.0
National Category
Communication Systems Embedded Systems
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-62062 (URN)10.1016/j.sysarc.2023.102852 (DOI)000956098500001 ()2-s2.0-85149863981 (Scopus ID)
Projects
PROVIDENT
Funder
Vinnova, 16533
Available from: 2023-03-13 Created: 2023-03-13 Last updated: 2025-03-23Bibliographically approved
Rabet, I., Álvarez, I., Fotouhi, H. & Ashjaei, S. M. (2023). Demo Abstract: Towards Interoperability in a Hybrid TSN/6TiSCH Network. In: SenSys 2023 - Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensors Systems: . Paper presented at 21st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensors Systems, SenSys 2023. Istanbul. 13 November 2023 through 15 November 2023 (pp. 500-501). Association for Computing Machinery, Inc
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Demo Abstract: Towards Interoperability in a Hybrid TSN/6TiSCH Network
2023 (English)In: SenSys 2023 - Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensors Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc , 2023, p. 500-501Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

There is a growing interest in increasing the flexibility and the mobility of industrial infrastructures to support novel industrial applications. To support this change, industrial networks must provide real-time guarantees while integrating a great variety of traffic over a cohesive network infrastructure. Specifically, there is special interest in the integration of wired and wireless communications in the industrial domain. We present a solution that integrates a Time-Sensitive Networking Ethernet network with a low-power 6TiSCH IoT network and discuss the implementation alternatives and their implications on delay and resource consumption. The main goal is to experimentally identify the research challenges and necessary enhancements for interoperability between constrained battery-driven wireless communication with the time sensitive wired networks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, 2023
Keywords
IEEE 802.15.4, interoperability, TSCH, TSN, IEEE Standards, Low power electronics, Titanium compounds, Cohesive networks, Ethernet networks, Ieee 802.15.4/zigbee, Industrial infrastructure, Industrial networks, Network infrastructure, Real time guarantees, Wired and wireless communications
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-66664 (URN)10.1145/3625687.3628415 (DOI)001249418600047 ()2-s2.0-85192731361 (Scopus ID)9798400704147 (ISBN)
Conference
21st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensors Systems, SenSys 2023. Istanbul. 13 November 2023 through 15 November 2023
Available from: 2024-05-22 Created: 2024-05-22 Last updated: 2024-07-31Bibliographically approved
Biabani, M., Yazdani, N. & Fotouhi, H. (2023). Developing a Novel Hierarchical VPLS Architecture Using Q-in-Q Tunneling in Router and Switch Design. Computers, 12(9), Article ID 180.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Developing a Novel Hierarchical VPLS Architecture Using Q-in-Q Tunneling in Router and Switch Design
2023 (English)In: Computers, E-ISSN 2073-431X, Vol. 12, no 9, article id 180Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS) is an ethernet-based Virtual Private Network (VPN) service that provides multipoint-to-multipoint Layer 2 VPN service, where each site is geographically dispersed across a Wide Area Network (WAN). The adaptability and scalability of VPLS are limited despite the fact that they provide a flexible solution for connecting geographically dispersed sites. Furthermore, the construction of tunnels connecting customer locations that are separated by great distances adds a substantial amount of latency to the user traffic transportation. To address these issues, a novel Hierarchical VPLS (H-VPLS) architecture has been developed using 802.1Q tunneling (also known as Q-in-Q) on high-speed and commodity routers to satisfy the additional requirements of new VPLS applications. The Vector Packet Processing (VPP) performs as the router’s data plane, and FRRouting (FRR), an open-source network routing software suite, acts as the router’s control plane. The router is designed to seamlessly forward VPLS packets using the Request For Comments (RFCs) 4762, 4446, 4447, 4448, and 4385 from The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) integrated with VPP. In addition, the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) is used for Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Pseudo-Wire (PW) signaling in FRR. The proposed mechanism has been implemented on a software-based router in the Linux environment and tested for its functionality, signaling, and control plane processes. The router is also implemented on commodity hardware for testing the functionality of VPLS in the real world. Finally, the analysis of the results verifies the efficiency of the proposed mechanism in terms of throughput, latency, and packet loss ratio.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023
Keywords
FRRouting (FRR), LDP, MPLS, Q-in-Q tunneling, Vector Packet Processing (VPP), Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-64517 (URN)10.3390/computers12090180 (DOI)001073252500001 ()2-s2.0-85172786024 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-10-11 Created: 2023-10-11 Last updated: 2023-10-18Bibliographically approved
Goossens, W., Mustefa, D., Scholle, D., Fotouhi, H. & Denil, J. (2023). Evaluating Edge Computing and Compression for Remote Cuff-Less Blood Pressure Monitoring. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 12(1), Article ID 2.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluating Edge Computing and Compression for Remote Cuff-Less Blood Pressure Monitoring
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, E-ISSN 2224-2708, Vol. 12, no 1, article id 2Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Remote health monitoring systems play an important role in the healthcare sector. Edge computing is a key enabler for realizing these systems, where it is required to collect big data while providing real-time guarantees. In this study, we focus on remote cuff-less blood pressure (BP) monitoring through electrocardiogram (ECG) as a case study to evaluate the benefits of edge computing and compression. First, we investigate the state-of-the-art algorithms for BP estimation and ECG compression. Second, we develop a system to measure the ECG, estimate the BP, and store the results in the cloud with three different configurations: (i) estimation in the edge, (ii) estimation in the cloud, and (iii) estimation in the cloud with compressed transmission. Third, we evaluate the three approaches in terms of application latency, transmitted data volume, and power usage. In experiments with batches of 64 ECG samples, the edge computing approach has reduced average application latency by 15%, average power usage by 19%, and total transmitted volume by 85%, confirming that edge computing improves system performance significantly. Compressed transmission proved to be an alternative when network bandwidth is limited and edge computing is impractical.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023
Keywords
blood pressure estimation, cloud, compression, cuff-less, edge, health
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-62032 (URN)10.3390/jsan12010002 (DOI)000941338600001 ()2-s2.0-85148715689 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-03-08 Created: 2023-03-08 Last updated: 2023-03-22Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-5590-0784

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