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Hallmans, D., Ashjaei, S. M. & Nolte, T. (2020). Analysis of the TSN Standards for Utilization in Long-life Industrial Distributed Control Systems. In: The 25th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA2020: . Paper presented at The 25th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA2020, 08 Sep 2020, Vienna, Austria. Vienna, Austria
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis of the TSN Standards for Utilization in Long-life Industrial Distributed Control Systems
2020 (English)In: The 25th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA2020, Vienna, Austria, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Large complex industrial Distributed Control Systems (DCS), e.g., power distribution systems, are expected to function for long time, up to 40 years. Therefore, besides having a long system verification phase for all subsystems, the design phase should consider various aspects when it comes to selection of which technologies to utilize when implementing such systems. In this paper, we study and investigate key challenges of using the Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) technology when it comes to design, maintenance and evolution of long life-span complex DCS. We also identify issues and challenges, and propose mitigation strategies for using the TSN technology in long-life system design. Our investigation and analysis shows that many of the TSN standards are in their evolution phase and may as a consequence be subject to different interpretations and implementations. Therefore, achieving a full capacity of using the TSN technology may not be possible, in particular when it comes to design of systems having an expected long life.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Vienna, Austria: , 2020
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-49977 (URN)10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212162 (DOI)000627406500023 ()2-s2.0-85093359873 (Scopus ID)
Conference
The 25th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA2020, 08 Sep 2020, Vienna, Austria
Projects
DESTINE: Developing Predictable Vehicle Software Utilizing Time Sensitive NetworkingFIESTA - Federated Choreography of an Integrated Embedded Systems Software Architecture
Available from: 2020-09-29 Created: 2020-09-29 Last updated: 2021-04-29Bibliographically approved
Bujosa Mateu, D., Hallmans, D., Ashjaei, S. M., Papadopoulos, A., Proenza, J. & Nolte, T. (2020). Clock Synchronization in Integrated TSN-EtherCAT Networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA: . Paper presented at 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2020; Vienna; Austria; 8 September 2020 through 11 September 2020; Category numberCFP20ETF-ART; Code 163774 (pp. 214-221). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Clock Synchronization in Integrated TSN-EtherCAT Networks
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2020 (English)In: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2020, p. 214-221Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Moving towards new technologies, such as Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), in industries should be gradual with a proper integration process instead of replacing the existing ones to make it beneficial in terms of cost and performance. Within this context, this paper identifies the challenges of integrating a legacy EtherCAT network, as a commonly used technology in the automation domain, into a TSN network. We show that clock synchronization plays an essential role when it comes to EtherCAT-TSN network integration with important requirements. We propose a clock synchronization mechanism based on the TSN standards to obtain a precise synchronization among EtherCAT nodes, resulting to an efficient data transmission. Based on a formal verification framework using UPPAAL tool we show that the integrated EtherCAT-TSN network with the proposed clock synchronization mechanism achieves at least 3 times higher synchronization precision compared to not using any synchronization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020
Keywords
clock synchronization, EtherCAT, formal verification, Time-sensitive networking, TSN, Factory automation, Mechanical clocks, Automation domain, Integration process, Network integration, Precise synchronizations, Synchronization precision, Verification framework, Synchronization
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-52649 (URN)10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212153 (DOI)000627406500026 ()2-s2.0-85093364086 (Scopus ID)9781728189567 (ISBN)
Conference
25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2020; Vienna; Austria; 8 September 2020 through 11 September 2020; Category numberCFP20ETF-ART; Code 163774
Available from: 2020-11-19 Created: 2020-11-19 Last updated: 2023-03-10Bibliographically approved
Hallmans, D. (2018). Evolutionary Aspects of Complex Embedded Systems with Long Life Cycles. (Licentiate dissertation). Västerås: Mälardalen University Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evolutionary Aspects of Complex Embedded Systems with Long Life Cycles
2018 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Västerås: Mälardalen University Press, 2018
Series
Mälardalen University Press Licentiate Theses, ISSN 1651-9256 ; 267
National Category
Embedded Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39108 (URN)978-91-7485-384-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2018-05-25, Delta, Mälardalens högskola, Västerås, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-04-30 Created: 2018-04-30 Last updated: 2019-10-01Bibliographically approved
Hallmans, D., Sandström, K., Nolte, T. & Larsson, S. (2016). Consistent sensor values on a real-time ethernet network. In: IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems - Proceedings, WFCS: . Paper presented at 12th IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems, WFCS 2016, 3 May 2016 through 6 May 2016. , Article ID Article number 7496499.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Consistent sensor values on a real-time ethernet network
2016 (English)In: IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems - Proceedings, WFCS, 2016, article id Article number 7496499Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Industrial control systems often exhibit a need for short latencies and/or consistent data gathering. In a system with limited resources it is a challenge to achieve the combination of short latencies and consistent data. In this paper we propose three different architectural solutions to this challenge, each having different trade-offs: one that gives a consistent set of data and also a short latency but with a higher resource usage, a second alternative that reduces resource needs but at the cost of an increased latency, and a third and final solution that reduces resource needs to a minimum but in doing so also increasing the latency. The results presented in this paper suggest that it is possible to get low latency and robustness at the cost of performance. 

Keywords
consistent data, embedded systems, Ether CAT, latency, real-time networks, syncronization, Economic and social effects, Ethernet, Architectural solutions, Industrial control systems, Real time network, Real-Time Ethernet Networks, Resource usage, Real time systems
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-32525 (URN)10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496499 (DOI)000382857300005 ()2-s2.0-84982844987 (Scopus ID)9781509023394 (ISBN)
Conference
12th IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems, WFCS 2016, 3 May 2016 through 6 May 2016
Available from: 2016-08-18 Created: 2016-08-18 Last updated: 2019-01-28Bibliographically approved
Hallmans, D., Sandström, K., Nolte, T. & Larsson, S. (2015). A method and industrial case: Replacement of an FPGA component in a legacy control system. In: Proceeding - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN 2015: . Paper presented at 13th International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN 2015, 22 July 2015 through 24 July 2015 (pp. 208-214).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A method and industrial case: Replacement of an FPGA component in a legacy control system
2015 (English)In: Proceeding - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN 2015, 2015, p. 208-214Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A significant part of industrial systems have requirements on long life times. Such requirements on the complete system impose requirements on its corresponding embedded systems to be operational for an equally long time. As a consequence it is of paramount importance to be able to replace obsolete components of the embedded systems during the life time of the system, and to be able to update part of the design due to new requirements. In this paper we present a method to manage component replacement in such systems, and we present an industrial case study highlighting the work needed to replace an FPGA chip with another, including all corresponding legacy FPGA design challenges that comes with such a replacement. We have found one larger problem inherent in the ability to use the included components in a way that is not possible with the new circuits replacing the old ones. This problem significantly increased the work needed when performing the conversion and migration from the old design to the new, since parts of the design had to be redesigned from a functional perspective.

Keywords
Embedded systems, Evolvability, FPGA, Legacy, Obsolete components, Design, Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), Information science, Integrated circuit design, Legacy systems, Complete system, Component replacement, Industrial case study, Industrial systems, Legacy control systems
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-30599 (URN)10.1109/INDIN.2015.7281736 (DOI)000380453900029 ()2-s2.0-84949517473 (Scopus ID)9781479966493 (ISBN)
External cooperation:
Conference
13th International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN 2015, 22 July 2015 through 24 July 2015
Available from: 2015-12-23 Created: 2015-12-23 Last updated: 2018-04-30Bibliographically approved
Hallmans, D., Jägemar, M., Larsson, S. & Nolte, T. (2014). Identifying Evolution Problems for Large Long Term Industrial Evolution Systems. In: 38TH ANNUAL IEEE INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS (COMPSACW 2014): . Paper presented at 38th Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), 21-25 Jul 2014, Västerås, Sweden (pp. 384-389). (6th)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Identifying Evolution Problems for Large Long Term Industrial Evolution Systems
2014 (English)In: 38TH ANNUAL IEEE INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS (COMPSACW 2014), 2014, no 6th, p. 384-389Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Large infrastructure systems with a life time of more than 30 years, such as telecommunication or power transmission systems, are difficult to maintain since they suffer from the end-of-life plague of software, hardware and knowledge. Large companies have traditionally tackled this problem successfully, but maybe not with complete efficiency in all cases. We find system evolution to be an increasingly interesting problem as infrastructure becomes more complicated. Our increasingly complex and advanced society demands more of the infrastructure making system evolution an interesting alternative to system replacement. From the point of view of the ISO/IEC 15288 development process we have identified life cycle issues connected to long life time scenarios and the different life cycle stages. In this paper we contribute with a modification of the utilisation and support stage in ISO/IEC 15288 into an evolution stage where a system is not only retired and replaced but rather evolved into the next generation. Using this approach changes the view of system development for this specific type of systems towards a way of incremental development, where new functions can be added at the same time as old legacy parts are replaced with functionally equivalent modules based on new hardware. We have based our solution on the experience from investigations of life cycle issues for two large infrastructure systems.

Keywords
Long Term Industrial Evolution Systems, System Evolution, System Development Stages, System Development Procedure
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-26423 (URN)10.1109/COMPSACW.2014.66 (DOI)000352787700065 ()2-s2.0-84931051211 (Scopus ID)978-1-4799-3578-9 (ISBN)
Conference
38th Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), 21-25 Jul 2014, Västerås, Sweden
Projects
ITS-EASY Post Graduate School for Embedded Software and Systems
Available from: 2014-11-02 Created: 2014-10-31 Last updated: 2018-04-30Bibliographically approved
Hallmans, D., Nolte, T. & Larsson, S. (2013). A Method for Handling Evolvability in a Complex Embedded System. In: : . Paper presented at 18th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA 2013), Cagliari, Italy, 10-13 September 2013 (pp. Article number 6648016).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Method for Handling Evolvability in a Complex Embedded System
2013 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Handling of obsolete software and/or hardware components together with management of function updates in a complex embedded system with an expected life time of more than 30 years can be a very difficult to almost impossible task. This types of challenges can be found in a large number of companies in, for example, the power transmission industry, power plants, aviation etc. In this paper we present the basic steps in a proposed method for handling evolvability in such embedded systems with long expected life cycles. The key elements of the proposed method are the definition of function dependencies, release planning, and test requirements.

National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-21390 (URN)10.1109/ETFA.2013.6648016 (DOI)2-s2.0-84890691384 (Scopus ID)9781479908622 (ISBN)
Conference
18th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA 2013), Cagliari, Italy, 10-13 September 2013
Projects
ITS-EASY Post Graduate School for Embedded Software and SystemsPREMISE - Predictable Multicore Systems
Available from: 2013-09-17 Created: 2013-09-11 Last updated: 2018-04-30Bibliographically approved
Hallmans, D., Sandström, K., Lindgren, M. & Nolte, T. (2013). GPGPU for Industrial Control Systems. In: 18th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation ETFA'13: . Paper presented at IEEE 18th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA), September 10-13, Cagliari, Italy (pp. Article number 6648166).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>GPGPU for Industrial Control Systems
2013 (English)In: 18th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation ETFA'13, 2013, p. Article number 6648166-Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this work in progress paper we present parts of our ongoing work on using the Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) in the context of Embedded Systems. As a first step we are investigating the possibility to move functions from a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to a GPU. If it is possible to make such a migration then it would simplify the hardware designs for some embedded systems by removing external hardware and also remove a potential life cycle issue with obsolete components. We are currently designing a test system to be able to compare performance between a legacy control system used today in industry, based on a CPU/DSP combination, to a new design with a CPU/GPU combination. In this setting the pre-filtering of sampled data, previously done in the DSP, is moved to the GPU.

National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-23558 (URN)10.1109/ETFA.2013.6648166 (DOI)2-s2.0-84890906514 (Scopus ID)978-1-4799-0862-2 (ISBN)
Conference
IEEE 18th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA), September 10-13, Cagliari, Italy
Projects
ITS-EASY Post Graduate School for Embedded Software and SystemsPREMISE - Predictable Multicore Systems
Available from: 2013-12-16 Created: 2013-12-16 Last updated: 2018-01-03Bibliographically approved
Hallmans, D., Nolte, T. & Larsson, S. (2013). Industrial Requirements on Evolution of an Embedded System Architecture. In: : . Paper presented at IEESD 2013: The 5th International IEEE Workshop on Industrial Experience in Embedded Systems Design Held in conjunction with COMPSAC, the IEEE Signature Conference on Computers, Software & Applications - July 22-26, 2013 - Kyoto, Japan. Kyoto, Japan
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Industrial Requirements on Evolution of an Embedded System Architecture
2013 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Management of obsolete software- and hardware-components along with the addition of new components and functionalities in existing embedded systems can be a very difficult or almost impossible task. If there at the same time is a requirement put on the system that it should be in operation for more than 30 years, then the evolution of the embedded system architecture over such a long duration of time will be an even more challenging problem to solve. A large number of different industries, for example the process and power transmission industries, are faced with this type of challenges on a daily basis. The contribution of our research presented in this paper is a set of questions and answers on how it is possible to replace and update an old control system, with examples inherent in process and power transmission applications. We also look at different methods that can be used during the development of new systems such that they will provide a natural support for evolvability, targeting future control system applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kyoto, Japan: , 2013
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-21373 (URN)10.1109/COMPSACW.2013.129 (DOI)000331223100114 ()
Conference
IEESD 2013: The 5th International IEEE Workshop on Industrial Experience in Embedded Systems Design Held in conjunction with COMPSAC, the IEEE Signature Conference on Computers, Software & Applications - July 22-26, 2013 - Kyoto, Japan
Projects
ITS-EASY Post Graduate School for Embedded Software and Systems
Available from: 2013-09-17 Created: 2013-09-11 Last updated: 2022-10-03Bibliographically approved
Hallmans, D., Åsberg, M. & Nolte, T. (2012). Towards using the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) for Embedded Systems. In: IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2012: . Paper presented at 17th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA'12), Work-in-Progress (WiP) session, September 17-21, Krakow, Poland (pp. Article number: 6489715).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards using the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) for Embedded Systems
2012 (English)In: IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2012, 2012, p. Article number: 6489715-Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is becoming a very powerful platform to accelerate graphics and dataparallel compute-intensive applications. It gives a high performance and at the same time it has a low power consumption. This combination is of high performance and low power consumption is useful when it comes to building an embedded system. In this paper we are looking at the possibility to use a combination of CPU and GPU to provide performance metrics that are required in an embedded system. In particular we look at requirements inherent in the process and power industries where we believe that the GPU has the potential to be a useful and natural element in future embedded system architectures.

National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-17352 (URN)10.1109/ETFA.2012.6489715 (DOI)000320333400184 ()2-s2.0-84876356572 (Scopus ID)
Conference
17th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA'12), Work-in-Progress (WiP) session, September 17-21, Krakow, Poland
Available from: 2012-12-20 Created: 2012-12-20 Last updated: 2018-08-08Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-5582-3280

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