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Abdi, S., Ashjaei, S. M. & Mubeen, S. (2025). Deadline-constrained security-aware workflow scheduling in hybrid cloud architecture. Future Generation Computer Systems, 162, Article ID 107466.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Deadline-constrained security-aware workflow scheduling in hybrid cloud architecture
2025 (English)In: Future Generation Computer Systems, ISSN 0167-739X, E-ISSN 1872-7115, Vol. 162, article id 107466Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A hybrid cloud is an efficient solution to deal with the problem of insufficient resources of a private cloud when computing demands increase beyond its resource capacities. Cost-efficient workflow scheduling, considering security requirements and data dependency among tasks, is a prominent issue in the hybrid cloud. To address this problem, we propose a mathematical model that minimizes the monetary cost of executing a workflow and satisfies the security requirements of tasks under a deadline. The proposed model fulfills data dependency among tasks, and data transmission time is formulated with exact mathematical expressions. The derived model is a Mixed-integer linear programming problem. We evaluate the proposed model with real-world workflows over changes in the input variables of the model, such as the deadline and security requirements. This paper also presents a post-optimality analysis that investigates the stability of the assignment problem. The experimental results show that the proposed model minimizes the cost by decreasing inter-cloud communications for dependent tasks. However, the optimal solutions are affected by the limitations that are imposed by the problem constraints. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2025
Keywords
Cost minimization, Hybrid cloud, Mixed integer linear programming, Sensitivity analysis, Workflow scheduling, Cloud computing architecture, Combinatorial optimization, Cost benefit analysis, Cryptography, Integer programming, Data dependencies, Hybrid clouds, Integer Linear Programming, Mixed integer linear, Security requirements, Security-aware, Work-flows
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-68213 (URN)10.1016/j.future.2024.07.044 (DOI)001295842500001 ()2-s2.0-85201083709 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-08-21 Created: 2024-08-21 Last updated: 2024-09-04Bibliographically approved
Dust, L., Ekström, M., Gu, R., Mubeen, S. & Seceleanu, C. (2024). A Model-Based Methodology for Automated Verification of ROS 2 Systems. In: Proceedings - 2024 IEEE/ACM 6th International Workshop on Robotics Software Engineering, RoSE 2024: . Paper presented at 6th International Workshop on Robotics Software Engineering, RoSE 2024, co-located with the 46th International Conference on SoftwareLisbon15 April 2024 (pp. 35-42).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Model-Based Methodology for Automated Verification of ROS 2 Systems
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2024 (English)In: Proceedings - 2024 IEEE/ACM 6th International Workshop on Robotics Software Engineering, RoSE 2024, 2024, p. 35-42Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

To simplify the formal verification of ROS 2-based applications, in this paper, we propose a novel approach to the automation of their model-based verification using model-driven engineering techniques. We propose a methodology starting with ROS 2 execution traces, generated by ROS2_tracing and using models and model transformations in Eclipse to automatically initialize pre-defined formal model templates in UPPAAL, with system parameters. While the methodology targets the simplification of formal verification for robotics developers as users, the implementation is at an early stage and the toolchain is not fully implemented and evaluated. Hence, this paper targets tool developers and researchers to give a first overview of the underlying idea of automating ROS 2 verification.

Hence, we propose a toolchain that supports verification of implemented and conceptual ROS 2 systems, as well as iterative verification of timing and scheduling parameters. We propose using four different model representations, based on the ROS2_tracing output and self-designed Eclipse Ecore metamodels to model the system from a structural and verification perspective. The different model representations allow traceability throughout the modeling and verification process.Last, an initial proof of concept is implemented containing the core elements of the proposed toolchain and validated given a small ROS 2 system. 

National Category
Robotics and automation Embedded Systems Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-67506 (URN)10.1145/3643663.3643970 (DOI)001285454300006 ()2-s2.0-85200922593 (Scopus ID)9798400705663 (ISBN)
Conference
6th International Workshop on Robotics Software Engineering, RoSE 2024, co-located with the 46th International Conference on SoftwareLisbon15 April 2024
Available from: 2024-06-14 Created: 2024-06-14 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
Houtan, B., Ashjaei, S. M., Daneshtalab, M., Sjödin, M. & Mubeen, S. (2024). Bandwidth Reservation Analysis for Schedulability of AVB Traffic in TSN. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference Industrial Technology: . Paper presented at 25th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Bristol, England, 25-27th March, 2024. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bandwidth Reservation Analysis for Schedulability of AVB Traffic in TSN
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2024 (English)In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference Industrial Technology, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we present a bandwidth reservation analysis for Audio-Video Bridging (AVB) traffic in the Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards. The proposed analysis is based on the existing worst-case response-time analysis and can be used to calculate the minimum required bandwidth for guaranteeing the schedulability of messages in AVB classes. The proposed analysis allocates per-link bandwidth to AVB traffic that is sufficient to ensure its schedulability when a combination of the Credit-Based Shaper and Time-Aware Shaper mechanisms are used. We evaluate the proposed analysis using an automotive industrial use case. We evaluate the schedulability of AVB traffic by comparing the proposed analysis with the utilization-based bandwidth reservation as recommended by the TSN standards.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Audio videos, Automotives, Bandwidth reservation, Industrial use case, Link bandwidth, Response-time analysis, Schedulability, Worst case response time, Bandwidth
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-67698 (URN)10.1109/ICIT58233.2024.10540711 (DOI)2-s2.0-85195787047 (Scopus ID)9798350340266 (ISBN)
Conference
25th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Bristol, England, 25-27th March, 2024
Available from: 2024-06-20 Created: 2024-06-20 Last updated: 2024-06-20Bibliographically approved
Berisa, A., Mubeen, S., Daneshtalab, M., Ashjaei, S. M., Sjödin, M., Kraljusic, B. & Zahirovic, N. (2024). Bridging the Gap: An Interface Architecture for Integrating CAN and TSN Networks.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bridging the Gap: An Interface Architecture for Integrating CAN and TSN Networks
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2024 (English)Report (Other academic)
Series
MRTC Report, Mälardalen Real-Time Research Centre ; 351
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-68558 (URN)MDH-MRTC-351/2024-1-SE (ISRN)
Available from: 2024-10-02 Created: 2024-10-02 Last updated: 2024-10-02Bibliographically approved
Abdi, S., Ashjaei, S. M. & Mubeen, S. (2024). Cost-aware workflow offloading in edge-cloud computing using a genetic algorithm. Journal of Supercomputing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cost-aware workflow offloading in edge-cloud computing using a genetic algorithm
2024 (English)In: Journal of Supercomputing, ISSN 0920-8542, E-ISSN 1573-0484Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The edge-cloud computing continuum effectively uses fog and cloud servers to meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements of tasks when edge devices cannot meet those requirements. This paper focuses on the workflow offloading problem in edge-cloud computing and formulates this problem as a nonlinear mathematical programming model. The objective function is to minimize the monetary cost of executing a workflow while satisfying constraints related to data dependency among tasks and QoS requirements, including security and deadlines. Additionally, it presents a genetic algorithm for the workflow offloading problem to find near-optimal solutions with the cost minimization objective. The performance of the proposed mathematical model and genetic algorithm is evaluated on several real-world workflows. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm can find admissible solutions comparable to the mathematical model and outperforms particle swarm optimization, bee life algorithm, and a hybrid heuristic-genetic algorithm in terms of workflow execution costs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2024
Keywords
Cost minimization, Edge-cloud computing, Genetic algorithm, Mathematical programming, Security-aware, Workflow offloading, Cloud computing, Particle swarm optimization (PSO), Quality of service, Cloud-computing, Cost-aware, Edge clouds, Quality-of-service, Service requirements, Work-flows, Genetic algorithms
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-68070 (URN)10.1007/s11227-024-06341-0 (DOI)001268848900001 ()2-s2.0-85198093799 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-07-17 Created: 2024-07-17 Last updated: 2024-07-31Bibliographically approved
Dust, L. & Mubeen, S. (2024). Dynamic Priority Scheduling for Periodic Systems Using ROS 2. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science: . Paper presented at 8th International Conference on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, ECBS 2023, Västerås, 16 October 2023 through 18 October 2023 (pp. 239-243). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dynamic Priority Scheduling for Periodic Systems Using ROS 2
2024 (English)In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH , 2024, p. 239-243Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, a novel dynamic priority scheduling algorithm for ROS 2 systems is proposed. The algorithm is based on determining deadlines of callbacks by taking the buffer size and update rates of channels into account. The efficacy of the scheduling algorithm is demonstrated on an illustrative example, where the needed buffer size is reduced in comparison to the conventional single-threaded executor in ROS 2. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024
Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743 ; 14390 LNCS
Keywords
Executor, Robot Operating System 2, Scheduling, Robot Operating System, Buffer sizes, Dynamic-priority scheduling, Single-threaded, Scheduling algorithms
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-65252 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-49252-5_20 (DOI)2-s2.0-85180156830 (Scopus ID)9783031492518 (ISBN)
Conference
8th International Conference on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, ECBS 2023, Västerås, 16 October 2023 through 18 October 2023
Available from: 2024-01-03 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2024-01-03Bibliographically approved
Satka, Z., Mubeen, S., Ashjaei, S. M., Ragnarsson, D. & Nordin, D. (2024). Enhancing Real-Time Networked Embedded Systems with End-to-end TSN-5G Networks. In: IEEE (Ed.), 2024 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES): . Paper presented at 2024 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES) (pp. 104-111). IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enhancing Real-Time Networked Embedded Systems with End-to-end TSN-5G Networks
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2024 (English)In: 2024 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES) / [ed] IEEE, IEEE, 2024, p. 104-111Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper explores the integration of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) with 5G cellular networks to support high-bandwidth and low-latency end-to-end communication in networked embedded systems. Integrating TSN with 5G has the potential to support predictable and deterministic end-to-end communication, as well as to significantly enhance scalability, particularly in industrial automation, by providing flexibility, efficiency, and responsiveness. To ensure smooth integration while preserving TSN's Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, effective traffic translation and forwarding within the network are crucial. In this regard, this paper addresses key challenges related to traffic translation, QoS implementation, and latency in both TSN and private 5G networks on a realistic scenario. Through experiments, measurements, and evaluation, this paper thoroughly assesses latency and network capabilities in the integrated networks. Understanding these metrics is essential for devising effective integration strategies. Our findings indicate that it is possible to achieve latencies under 20 ms in an integrated TSN-5G network, given our specific configuration of a private 5G setup with a channel bandwidth of 40 MHz. We also identify an urgent need for the implementation of a proper QoS mechanism in the Open Air Interface software to enable the prioritization of high-critical data transmission.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2024
National Category
Embedded Systems
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-69557 (URN)10.1109/SIES62473.2024.10768048 (DOI)2-s2.0-85214783123 (Scopus ID)979-8-3503-8863-3 (ISBN)
Conference
2024 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES)
Funder
Vinnova, 16533Swedish Energy Agency
Available from: 2024-12-12 Created: 2024-12-12 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
Bucaioni, A. & Mubeen, S. (2024). Evolution of an Automotive Modelling Language for Enhanced Support of Diverse Network Interface Controllers. In: 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences and Applications (ACDSA): . Paper presented at International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences, and Applications, ACDSA 2024. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evolution of an Automotive Modelling Language for Enhanced Support of Diverse Network Interface Controllers
2024 (English)In: 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences and Applications (ACDSA), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Over the last two decades, vehicles have undergone a significant shift, transforming into highly software-intensive systems. Projections indicate that even entry-level vehicles will soon integrate hundreds of millions of lines of code and incorporate numerous electronic control units. To navigate the complexity of these software-intensive systems, there has been a notable shift towards adopting model-driven engineering and specialised modelling languages. Among these languages, the Rubus Component Model has played a crucial role for over 25 years, supporting the development and timing analysis of distributed resource-constrained embedded systems. The enduring success of the Rubus Component Model lies in its responsiveness to end-users' demands and its ability to adapt to technological advancements. Notably, the proliferation of network interface controllers, including controller area network controllers, supporting diverse message-receiving policies like polling and interrupt, represents a significant advancement. However, the implications of these policies on end-to-end delays in distributed systems necessitate explicit modelling and dedicated timing analysis tools.This paper introduces an evolved Rubus Component Model, tailored for model-driven development and timing analysis in distributed embedded systems that utilise network interface controllers with diverse message-receiving policies. Drawing inspiration from a real-world example, the paper introduces new elements and properties in the Rubus Component Model designed to support these policies and facilitate timing analysis. The practical application of these enhancements is demonstrated, and insights are extended to other contemporary modelling languages in the vehicular domain. Beyond bolstering expressiveness, this evolution ensures the timing predictability of distributed embedded systems, aligning seamlessly with the Rubus Component Model's core focus.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024
Keywords
embedded systems, model-driven development, modelling languages, timing analysis, Vehicular systems, Control system synthesis, Controllers, Timing circuits, Automotive models, Component modeling, Distributed embedded system, Embedded-system, Line of codes, Model-driven-development, Network interface controllers, Software intensive systems, Modeling languages
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-66462 (URN)10.1109/ACDSA59508.2024.10467927 (DOI)2-s2.0-85189931230 (Scopus ID)9798350394528 (ISBN)
Conference
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences, and Applications, ACDSA 2024
Note

Conference paper; Export Date: 17 April 2024; Cited By: 0; Correspondence Address: A. Bucaioni; Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden; email: alessio.bucaioni@mdu.se; Conference name: 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences, and Applications, ACDSA 2024; Conference date: 1 February 2024 through 2 February 2024; Conference code: 198277

Available from: 2024-04-18 Created: 2024-04-18 Last updated: 2024-04-18Bibliographically approved
Mubeen, S., Bucaioni, A., Wilander, S. & Eriksen, S. (2024). Jitter Analysis Framework for Controller Area Network in Vehicular Embedded Systems. In: 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences and Applications (ACDSA): . Paper presented at International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences, and Applications, ACDSA 2024. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Jitter Analysis Framework for Controller Area Network in Vehicular Embedded Systems
2024 (English)In: 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences and Applications (ACDSA), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Controller Area Network (CAN) is an ISO-standardized protocol that is extensively used as the onboard real-time network in vehicles. Evaluating and mitigating responsetime jitter experienced by CAN messages is paramount, particularly in real-time applications where timing predictability is crucial. This paper presents a jitter analysis framework for CAN messages. Within this framework, the worst-case responsetime jitter of CAN messages is calculated through pre-runtime analysis. Additionally, a post-runtime analysis of message traces helps ascertain the maximum response-time jitter these messages encounter at runtime. The framework performs a comparative evaluation of the pre-runtime and runtime response-time jitter and then back-propagates insights and guidelines to the systems' designers to mitigate the jitter. To validate this approach, we implement the framework using two prominent industrial tools: Rubus-ICE and CANalyzer. The effectiveness of the framework is further substantiated by modeling and analyzing an industrial use case provided by Volvo Construction Equipment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024
Keywords
CAN, Controller Area Network, jitter analysis, Construction equipment, Control system synthesis, Controllers, Embedded systems, Process control, Response time (computer systems), Specifications, Analysis frameworks, Controller-area network, Embedded-system, Network messages, Real time network, Run-time analysis, Runtimes, Time jitters, Jitter
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-66465 (URN)10.1109/ACDSA59508.2024.10467959 (DOI)2-s2.0-85189932392 (Scopus ID)9798350394528 (ISBN)
Conference
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences, and Applications, ACDSA 2024
Note

Conference paper; Export Date: 17 April 2024; Cited By: 0; Correspondence Address: S. Mubeen; Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden; email: saad.mubeen@mdu.se; Conference name: 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences, and Applications, ACDSA 2024; Conference date: 1 February 2024 through 2 February 2024; Conference code: 198277

Available from: 2024-04-18 Created: 2024-04-18 Last updated: 2024-04-18Bibliographically approved
Bucaioni, A., Pelliccione, P. & Mubeen, S. (2024). Modelling centralised automotive E/E software architectures. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 59, Article ID 102289.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modelling centralised automotive E/E software architectures
2024 (English)In: Advanced Engineering Informatics, ISSN 1474-0346, E-ISSN 1873-5320, Vol. 59, article id 102289Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The automotive domain is living in an exciting period triggered by challenging business and technology drivers, like electrification, autonomous driving, over-the-air software updates and connected vehicles, just to mention a few. This profoundly impacted the electric and electronic automotive architecture and pushed more and more manufacturers to shift towards more centralised electric and electronic architectures for their future automotive software systems. In fact, future centralised architectures are considered to be pivotal to meeting the above-mentioned market needs, as well as evolving customer requirements. In this work, we first analyse the readiness of four main automotive architectural languages to represent novel vehicle-centralised architectures. Based on the analysis results, we propose an extension to one of these languages to fully support the modelling of technical reference architectures for centralised vehicles. We validate the proposed extension using workshops with experts in the automotive domain and using an automotive use case describing an autonomous quarry.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Architectural languages, Automotive software architectures, Centralised architectures, Electric and Electronic (E/E) architecture, Modeling languages, Vehicles, Automotive domains, Automotive software, Automotive software architecture, Automotives, Business drivers, Centralised, Centralized architecture, Electric and electronic architectures, Technology drivers, Software architecture
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-65144 (URN)10.1016/j.aei.2023.102289 (DOI)001140064100001 ()2-s2.0-85179583938 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-12-21 Created: 2023-12-21 Last updated: 2024-01-31Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-3242-6113

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